019be3d6-8341-72d1-acd5-9e04de7826a9
Open this run to answer one question: is this real attacker-relevant behavior with real impact, or just normal contract plumbing?
| ID | Type | Status | Attempts | Heartbeat |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 40820 | artifact.fetch | complete | 1 / 3 | 2 months ago |
| 40821 | proxy.resolve | complete | 1 / 3 | 2 months ago |
| 40822 | tool.cast_disasm | complete | 1 / 3 | 2 months ago |
| 40823 | analysis.bundle | complete | 1 / 3 | 2 months ago |
| 40824 | capability.graph | complete | 1 / 3 | 2 months ago |
| 40825 | detector.run | complete | 1 / 3 | 2 months ago |
| 40826 | validation.fork | complete | 1 / 3 | 2 months ago |
| 41328 | report.consolidate | complete | 1 / 6 | 2 months ago |
{
"status": "not_proxy"
}
No slither job recorded yet.
{"no_findings":false,"summary":"One low-severity issue found from runtime bytecode (selector inference best-effort): the owner-only external token transfer path does not enforce the ERC20 boolean return value. No proxy/delegatecall behavior detected in the artifact.","findings":[{"severity":"low","category":"other","title":"ERC20 transfer return value not enforced in owner-only token transfer","exploit_scenario":"A privileged caller invokes the function at selector 0xb5c5f672 against a token that returns false instead of reverting. The low-level CALL succeeds and the transaction does not revert, but the transfer may not happen; if the caller or off-chain systems ignore the returned bool, they may assume funds moved when they did not. This is inferred from bytecode only; exact behavior depends on how the caller handles the return value.","recommendation":"After the CALL, require that return data is either empty or decodes to true (SafeERC20-style), reverting otherwise. If the intent is to allow false returns, explicitly document that callers must check the return value.","evidence":"Dispatcher selects 0xb5c5f672; the body builds calldata for selector 0xa9059cbb and executes CALL at pc:0x0593. Post-call logic checks success and returndatasize >= 32, loads the word, then jumps without comparing it to true (no EQ/ISZERO check).","locations":["pc:0x0593","selector:0xb5c5f672"]}]}
OpenAI Codex v0.77.0 (research preview)
--------
workdir: /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv
model: gpt-5.2-codex
provider: openai
approval: never
sandbox: read-only
reasoning effort: high
reasoning summaries: auto
session id: 019be43e-7995-7181-90ce-79efc0693898
--------
user
You are a security auditor. You ONLY have runtime bytecode + analysis artifacts.
You MUST read `BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json` before concluding; it contains the bytecode summary,
evidence bundle, callsites, storage slots, and detector findings.
Special cases when reasoning from bytecode (be explicit about uncertainty):
- Selector inference is best-effort; missing selectors are common.
- Fallback/receive paths may be the only entrypoints.
- CALL vs DELEGATECALL semantics differ; DELEGATECALL executes in caller storage.
- Proxy patterns (EIP-1967, minimal proxies, beacon) change which storage is authoritative.
- Storage slots are raw; mappings/arrays appear via keccak patterns, names are unknown.
- Guard detection is heuristic; absence of guards does NOT mean unguarded.
- Returndata checking is unknown unless explicitly shown in evidence.
- Precompiles (0x1..0x9) and common ERC20 transfer selectors may appear; do not over-claim.
Output MUST be valid JSON matching the provided schema.
- If you find nothing meaningful: set no_findings=true and findings=[].
- Otherwise: set no_findings=false and include findings with severity/category/title.
- Locations can be pc references like "pc:0x123" or selectors like "selector:0xa9059cbb".
Focus on: reentrancy, access control, upgradeability/proxy issues, signature validation,
accounting/invariant breaks, dangerous delegatecall, and untrusted external calls.
Be conservative: if evidence is weak, mark severity low/medium and explain why.
mcp startup: no servers
thinking
**Reading BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json**
exec
/bin/bash -lc ls in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv succeeded in 8ms:
BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json
codex-output-schema.json
exec
/bin/bash -lc 'cat BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json' in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv succeeded in 9ms:
{
"analysis_artifact": {
"address": "0x8bd458e3950f8a9cbe67ea55cbc209ead43b46f4",
"artifact_hash": "0x9bedc91042e3858401995cac7b61272ecfdf87e03908511c5c02a44c3c6ff484",
"artifact_json": {
"auth": {
"guards": [
{
"pc": 814,
"type": "msg_sender_eq_const",
"value": "0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"
}
]
},
"basic_blocks": [
{
"end_pc": 11,
"hash": "0x7ba4403ad8c2da27f36a99883d9bd6831f00a99722adb0e607c72478344873a4",
"opcodes": [
"PUSH1",
thinking
**Investigating call instruction at PC 1427**
I'm searching the artifact for evidence of a call instruction at program counter 1427 to analyze related bytecode and callsite info, aiming to extract relevant findings for the JSON schema.
exec
/bin/bash -lc 'rg -n "pc": 1427 -C 3 BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json' in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv exited 2 in 13ms:
rg: 1427: No such file or directory (os error 2)
thinking
**Adjusting search syntax for escape characters**
I'm refining the search command to correctly handle the escaped quote character within the search string by using proper escaping in ripgrep.
exec
/bin/bash -lc "rg -n \"pc\\\": 1427\" BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json" in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv succeeded in 19ms:
1392: "pc": 1427,
3106: "pc": 1427,
3168: "pc": 1427,
3212: "pc": 1427,
thinking
**Searching for basic block containing target pc**
I'm narrowing down to the basic block around pc 1427 by searching for "start_pc": 1424 or similar in the JSON, then planning to extract and inspect its opcodes via Python for precise analysis.
exec
/bin/bash -lc "python - <<'PY'
import json
import sys
path='BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json'
with open(path) as f:
data=json.load(f)
blocks=data['analysis_artifact']['artifact_json']['basic_blocks']
for b in blocks:
if b['start_pc']<=1427<=b['end_pc']:
print('block',b['start_pc'],b['end_pc'])
print(b['opcodes'])
break
PY" in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv succeeded in 41ms:
block 1424 1434
['JUMPDEST', 'POP', 'GAS', 'CALL', 'ISZERO', 'OP_80', 'ISZERO', 'PUSH2', 'JUMPI']
thinking
**Inspecting surrounding code blocks**
I'm checking blocks near the call at pc 1427, including the previous block around start_pc 1420, to understand the setup and follow-up context. Next, I'll extract and print these blocks for clearer analysis.
exec
/bin/bash -lc "python - <<'PY'
import json
path='BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json'
with open(path) as f:
data=json.load(f)
blocks=data['analysis_artifact']['artifact_json']['basic_blocks']
# get blocks with start_pc between 1400-1466
for b in blocks:
if 1400<=b['start_pc']<=1466:
print('block',b['start_pc'],b['end_pc'])
print(b['opcodes'])
PY" in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv succeeded in 27ms:
block 1420 1423
['PUSH1', 'OP_80', 'REVERT']
block 1424 1434
['JUMPDEST', 'POP', 'GAS', 'CALL', 'ISZERO', 'OP_80', 'ISZERO', 'PUSH2', 'JUMPI']
block 1435 1443
['RETURNDATASIZE', 'PUSH1', 'OP_80', 'RETURNDATACOPY', 'RETURNDATASIZE', 'PUSH1', 'REVERT']
block 1444 1461
['JUMPDEST', 'POP', 'POP', 'POP', 'POP', 'PUSH1', 'MLOAD', 'RETURNDATASIZE', 'PUSH1', 'OP_81', 'LT', 'ISZERO', 'PUSH2', 'JUMPI']
block 1462 1465
['PUSH1', 'OP_80', 'REVERT']
block 1466 1492
['JUMPDEST', 'OP_81', 'ADD', 'OP_90', 'OP_80', 'OP_80', 'MLOAD', 'OP_90', 'PUSH1', 'ADD', 'OP_90', 'OP_92', 'OP_91', 'OP_90', 'POP', 'POP', 'POP', 'OP_91', 'POP', 'POP', 'OP_93', 'OP_92', 'POP', 'POP', 'POP', 'JUMP']
thinking
**Analyzing suspicious self-call and msg.sender guard**
There’s a possibly constant CALL target pointing to the contract itself that might represent an internal fallback or forwarding function handling calls with value. The code also checks if msg.sender equals the impossible all-ones address, likely as a guard causing revert, hinting at restrictive access controls. Next is mapping function selectors to entry points to clarify the call behaviors.
thinking
**Interpreting function selector mapping and call block**
The so-called entry_pc values actually encode function selectors, not code offsets, so mapping selectors to bytecode positions isn’t straightforward. The call is likely inside a large function spanning bytecode 1147 to 1419, suggesting an execute-style function handling arbitrary calls. Next, I'll extract and interpret opcodes in that range to understand call setup and access checks.
exec
/bin/bash -lc "python - <<'PY'
import json
path='BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json'
with open(path) as f:
data=json.load(f)
blocks=data['analysis_artifact']['artifact_json']['basic_blocks']
for b in blocks:
if b['start_pc']==1147:
print('block',b['start_pc'],b['end_pc'])
ops=b['opcodes']
print('len',len(ops))
# print with indices
for i,op in enumerate(ops):
if i<120:
print(i,op)
break
PY" in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv succeeded in 38ms:
block 1147 1419
len 88
0 JUMPDEST
1 OP_90
2 POP
3 OP_84
4 PUSH20
5 AND
6 PUSH32
7 OP_82
8 PUSH1
9 MLOAD
10 OP_80
11 OP_82
12 OP_81
13 MSTORE
14 PUSH1
15 ADD
16 OP_91
17 POP
thinking
**Analyzing conditional contract call and protection**
The code inspects a storage slot likely holding the owner or target address, uses EXTCODESIZE to verify the target is a contract, and conditionally jumps to revert if not; this confirms a guard before preparing call data for a contract call.
thinking
**Mapping function selectors and call patterns**
Identified several known and unknown function selectors and observed dispatch logic routing calls based on selectors; noted the external call at block 1147 targets a constant (likely the contract itself) without clear owner guard, raising potential for unguarded self-calls and reentrancy concerns.
exec
/bin/bash -lc "python - <<'PY'
import json
with open('BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json') as f:
data=json.load(f)
blocks=data['analysis_artifact']['artifact_json']['basic_blocks']
for b in blocks:
if b['start_pc'] in (842,852,863,1060,1080,1102,1133):
print('block',b['start_pc'],b['end_pc'])
print(b['opcodes'])
PY" in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv succeeded in 33ms:
block 842 851
['JUMPDEST', 'PUSH1', 'PUSH2', 'PUSH2', 'JUMP']
block 852 858
['JUMPDEST', 'ISZERO', 'ISZERO', 'PUSH2', 'JUMPI']
block 863 1055
['JUMPDEST', 'PUSH1', 'PUSH2', 'OP_83', 'PUSH2', 'OP_86', 'PUSH1', 'PUSH1', 'OP_90', 'SLOAD', 'OP_90', 'PUSH2', 'EXP', 'OP_90', 'DIV', 'PUSH20', 'AND', 'PUSH20', 'AND', 'PUSH4', 'ADDRESS', 'PUSH1', 'MLOAD', 'OP_82', 'PUSH4', 'AND', 'PUSH29', 'MUL', 'OP_81', 'MSTORE', 'PUSH1', 'ADD', 'OP_80', 'OP_82', 'PUSH20', 'AND', 'PUSH20', 'AND', 'OP_81', 'MSTORE', 'PUSH1', 'ADD', 'OP_91', 'POP', 'POP', 'PUSH1', 'PUSH1', 'MLOAD', 'OP_80', 'OP_83', 'SUB', 'OP_81', 'OP_86', 'OP_80', 'EXTCODESIZE', 'ISZERO', 'OP_80', 'ISZERO', 'PUSH2', 'JUMPI']
block 1060 1070
['JUMPDEST', 'POP', 'GAS', 'STATICCALL', 'ISZERO', 'OP_80', 'ISZERO', 'PUSH2', 'JUMPI']
block 1080 1097
['JUMPDEST', 'POP', 'POP', 'POP', 'POP', 'PUSH1', 'MLOAD', 'RETURNDATASIZE', 'PUSH1', 'OP_81', 'LT', 'ISZERO', 'PUSH2', 'JUMPI']
block 1102 1132
['JUMPDEST', 'OP_81', 'ADD', 'OP_90', 'OP_80', 'OP_80', 'MLOAD', 'OP_90', 'PUSH1', 'ADD', 'OP_90', 'OP_92', 'OP_91', 'OP_90', 'POP', 'POP', 'POP', 'PUSH2', 'OP_90', 'OP_91', 'OP_90', 'PUSH4', 'AND', 'JUMP']
block 1133 1146
['JUMPDEST', 'PUSH2', 'OP_90', 'OP_91', 'OP_90', 'PUSH4', 'AND', 'JUMP']
thinking
**Analyzing external calls and storage usage**
The code has two external calls: a STATICCALL possibly preceded by an EXTCODESIZE contract check, and a CALL later. To understand these calls' purpose, inspecting storage slots is needed, so I'll search the JSON for storage-related entries next.
exec
/bin/bash -lc 'rg -n "storage" BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json | head' in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv succeeded in 7ms:
1757: "storage": {
1817: "storage": {
1877: "storage": {
1937: "storage": {
1997: "storage": {
2057: "storage": {
2117: "storage": {
thinking
**Inspecting evidence bundle storage section**
exec
/bin/bash -lc "python - <<'PY'
import json
with open('BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json') as f:
data=json.load(f)
# find storage section
for k,v in data.items():
if k=='evidence_bundle':
print('evidence_bundle keys',v.keys())
print('storage keys',v.get('storage',{}).keys())
print(json.dumps(v.get('storage',{}),indent=2)[:2000])
break
else:
print('no evidence_bundle')
PY" in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv succeeded in 38ms:
no evidence_bundle
thinking
**Searching for storage keys in data structures**
I'm checking if the key "storage" appears nested inside "analysis_artifact" or related objects to locate the evidence_bundle or relevant storage information.
exec
/bin/bash -lc "python - <<'PY'
import json
from collections import deque
with open('BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json') as f:
data=json.load(f)
# recursive search for 'storage' keys
paths=[]
def walk(obj, path):
if isinstance(obj, dict):
for k,v in obj.items():
newpath=path+[k]
if k=='storage':
paths.append(newpath)
walk(v,newpath)
elif isinstance(obj, list):
for i,v in enumerate(obj):
walk(v,path+[i])
walk(data,[])
print('storage paths:',paths[:10])
print('count',len(paths))
# print one storage section
if paths:
p=paths[0]
obj=data
for key in p:
obj=obj[key]
import json
print('sample storage section:')
print(json.dumps(obj,indent=2)[:2000])
PY" in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv succeeded in 31ms:
storage paths: [['analysis_artifact', 'artifact_json', 'functions', 0, 'storage'], ['analysis_artifact', 'artifact_json', 'functions', 1, 'storage'], ['analysis_artifact', 'artifact_json', 'functions', 2, 'storage'], ['analysis_artifact', 'artifact_json', 'functions', 3, 'storage'], ['analysis_artifact', 'artifact_json', 'functions', 4, 'storage'], ['analysis_artifact', 'artifact_json', 'functions', 5, 'storage'], ['analysis_artifact', 'artifact_json', 'storage']]
count 7
sample storage section:
{
"reads": 9,
"slots": [
{
"op": "SLOAD",
"pc": 552,
"slot": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
},
{
"op": "SLOAD",
"pc": 721,
"slot": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
},
{
"op": "SLOAD",
"pc": 762,
"slot": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
thinking
**Inspecting functions array**
I'm examining the functions list inside analysis_artifact.artifact_json to understand what storage info each function holds.
exec
/bin/bash -lc "python - <<'PY'
import json
with open('BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json') as f:
data=json.load(f)
funcs=data['analysis_artifact']['artifact_json']['functions']
print('functions count',len(funcs))
for i,f in enumerate(funcs):
print(i, f.get('selector'), 'entry_pc', f.get('entry_pc'))
if 'storage' in f:
print(' storage reads',f['storage'].get('reads'), 'writes',f['storage'].get('writes'))
print(' slots', [s['slot'] for s in f['storage'].get('slots',[])])
PY" in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv succeeded in 28ms:
functions count 6
0 0x715018a6 entry_pc 2376452955
storage reads 9 writes 2
slots ['0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000']
1 0x8da5cb5b entry_pc 2402473371
storage reads 9 writes 2
slots ['0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000']
2 0x8f32d59b entry_pc 3049649778
storage reads 9 writes 2
slots ['0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000']
3 0xb5c5f672 entry_pc 3132383833
storage reads 9 writes 2
slots ['0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000']
4 0xbab46259 entry_pc 4076725131
storage reads 9 writes 2
slots ['0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000']
5 0xf2fde38b entry_pc 0
storage reads 9 writes 2
slots ['0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000']
thinking
**Inspecting overall storage usage field**
exec
/bin/bash -lc "python - <<'PY'
import json
with open('BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json') as f:
data=json.load(f)
print(json.dumps(data['analysis_artifact']['artifact_json']['storage'],indent=2)[:2000])
PY" in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv succeeded in 27ms:
{
"keccak_count": 1,
"reads": 9,
"slots": [
{
"op": "SLOAD",
"pc": 552,
"slot": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
},
{
"op": "SLOAD",
"pc": 721,
"slot": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
},
{
"op": "SLOAD",
"pc": 762,
"slot": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
},
{
thinking
**Analyzing function selectors and calldata structure**
Only storage slot 0 is used, likely for ownership, suggesting a simple Ownable pattern with extras. The decoded calldata for an unknown function shows three parameters: an address (masked) plus two others, hinting at a function with three args rather than a simple transferOwnership (which usually takes one address). This suggests these selectors correspond to custom or complex functions, not standard ones like isValidSignature or execute.
thinking
**Mapping dispatcher jump destinations to functions**
Identified dispatcher uses cascading selector comparisons jumping to specific offsets like 132, 216, 523, etc. Notably, the block at 523 modifies storage slot 0 and emits logs, indicating it likely implements ownership transfer or renouncement. Other jump destinations correspond to functions returning address or bool. Next, detailed opcode inspection of block 523 will clarify its exact role.
exec
/bin/bash -lc "python - <<'PY'
import json
with open('BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json') as f:
data=json.load(f)
for b in data['analysis_artifact']['artifact_json']['basic_blocks']:
if b['start_pc']==523:
print('block',b['start_pc'],b['end_pc'])
for i,op in enumerate(b['opcodes']):
print(i,op)
break
PY" in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv succeeded in 35ms:
block 523 713
0 JUMPDEST
1 PUSH1
2 PUSH20
3 AND
4 PUSH1
5 OP_80
6 OP_90
7 SLOAD
8 OP_90
9 PUSH2
10 EXP
11 OP_90
12 DIV
13 PUSH20
14 AND
15 PUSH20
16 AND
17 PUSH32
18 PUSH1
thinking
**Analyzing ownership logic**
The code uses storage slot 0 to hold the owner and logs OwnershipTransferred events when updating it, indicating typical Ownable behavior. The blocks around 714 return the owner address, while block 755 performs a boolean check if msg.sender equals owner, likely implementing an isOwner() style internal check that returns a bool without reverting.
thinking
**Mapping ownership check and call setup**
The code includes a revert sequence after an ownership check likely implementing the onlyOwner modifier via jumps to the internal check at 755. There's also evidence of a complex function that loads three call data parameters consistent with an execute(address,uint256,bytes) signature, followed by blocks handling dynamic bytes calldata copying and forwarding calls to a target, worth deeper inspection from blocks 1493 to 1725.
exec
/bin/bash -lc "python - <<'PY'
import json
with open('BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json') as f:
data=json.load(f)
blocks=data['analysis_artifact']['artifact_json']['basic_blocks']
for b in blocks:
if 1493<=b['start_pc']<=1725:
print('block',b['start_pc'],b['end_pc'])
print(b['opcodes'])
PY" in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv succeeded in 29ms:
block 1493 1530
['JUMPDEST', 'PUSH1', 'PUSH1', 'OP_90', 'SLOAD', 'OP_90', 'PUSH2', 'EXP', 'OP_90', 'DIV', 'PUSH20', 'AND', 'OP_81', 'JUMP']
block 1531 1538
['JUMPDEST', 'PUSH2', 'PUSH2', 'JUMP']
block 1539 1545
['JUMPDEST', 'ISZERO', 'ISZERO', 'PUSH2', 'JUMPI']
block 1546 1549
['PUSH1', 'OP_80', 'REVERT']
block 1550 1558
['JUMPDEST', 'PUSH2', 'OP_81', 'PUSH2', 'JUMP']
block 1559 1561
['JUMPDEST', 'POP', 'JUMP']
block 1562 1572
['JUMPDEST', 'PUSH1', 'OP_80', 'OP_83', 'EQ', 'ISZERO', 'PUSH2', 'JUMPI']
block 1573 1580
['PUSH1', 'OP_90', 'POP', 'PUSH2', 'JUMP']
block 1581 1598
['JUMPDEST', 'PUSH1', 'OP_82', 'OP_84', 'MUL', 'OP_90', 'POP', 'OP_82', 'OP_84', 'OP_82', 'OP_81', 'ISZERO', 'ISZERO', 'PUSH2', 'JUMPI']
block 1599 1599
['INVALID']
thinking
**Noticing repeated blocks suggesting signature verification**
There appear to be multiple blocks around require statements, possibly due to signature verification or a loop, prompting further inspection of specific blocks like 1726 and 1915.
exec
/bin/bash -lc "python - <<'PY'
import json
with open('BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json') as f:
data=json.load(f)
blocks=data['analysis_artifact']['artifact_json']['basic_blocks']
for b in blocks:
if 1726<=b['start_pc']<=1917:
print('block',b['start_pc'],b['end_pc'])
print(b['opcodes'])
PY" in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv succeeded in 28ms:
block 1726 1915
['JUMPDEST', 'OP_80', 'PUSH20', 'AND', 'PUSH1', 'OP_80', 'OP_90', 'SLOAD', 'OP_90', 'PUSH2', 'EXP', 'OP_90', 'DIV', 'PUSH20', 'AND', 'PUSH20', 'AND', 'PUSH32', 'PUSH1', 'MLOAD', 'PUSH1', 'MLOAD', 'OP_80', 'OP_91', 'SUB', 'OP_90', 'OP_A3', 'OP_80', 'PUSH1', 'OP_80', 'PUSH2', 'EXP', 'OP_81', 'SLOAD', 'OP_81', 'PUSH20', 'MUL', 'NOT', 'AND', 'OP_90', 'OP_83', 'PUSH20', 'AND', 'MUL', 'OR', 'OP_90', 'SSTORE', 'POP', 'POP', 'JUMP']
block 1916 1916
['INVALID']
block 1917 1951
['OP_A1', 'PUSH6', 'SHA3', 'EXTCODESIZE', 'PUSH19', 'OP_D6', 'OP_4B', 'OP_F8', 'OP_2D', 'PUSH14']
thinking
**Identifying potential access control and external call risks**
I'm noting the contract seems ownable with an external call preceded by an EXTCODESIZE check, possibly verifying contract code presence before calling an owner-derived target. This suggests reentrancy or access control concerns around that external call require close analysis next.
thinking
**Analyzing calldata construction and identifying function selectors**
I'm seeing the contract builds calldata dynamically to call an owner address from storage, possibly using known selectors like execute or isValidSignature. Next, I'll try to confirm function selectors by offline keccak hashing of candidate signatures to clarify key external calls.
exec
/bin/bash -lc "python - <<'PY'
import importlib,sys
for m in ['eth_utils','sha3','Crypto']:
try:
importlib.import_module(m)
print('have',m)
except Exception as e:
print('no',m, e.__class__.__name__)
PY" in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv succeeded in 242ms:
have eth_utils
no sha3 ModuleNotFoundError
have Crypto
thinking
**Planning selector-based function name inference**
I'll use eth_utils to compute selectors for common function signatures and compare them against unknown selectors to guess function names by pattern matching.
exec
/bin/bash -lc "python - <<'PY'
from eth_utils import keccak
def sel(sig):
return keccak(text=sig)[:4].hex()
candidates=[
'execute(address,uint256,bytes)',
'executeCall(address,uint256,bytes)',
'call(address,uint256,bytes)',
'forward(address,uint256,bytes)',
'forwardCall(address,uint256,bytes)',
'execute(address,bytes)',
'execute(bytes)',
'execute(address,uint256,bytes,bytes)',
'isValidSignature(bytes32,bytes)',
'isValidSignature(bytes,bytes)',
'supportsInterface(bytes4)',
'nonce()',
'getNonce()',
'getOwner()',
'owner()',
'transferOwnership(address)',
'renounceOwnership()',
'upgradeTo(address)',
'upgradeToAndCall(address,bytes)',
'setOwner(address)',
'setOwner(address,uint256)',
'setOwner(address,bool)',
'setOwner(address,bytes)',
'setImplementation(address)',
'implementation()',
'admin()',
]
for sig in candidates:
print(sig, sel(sig))
PY" in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv succeeded in 229ms:
execute(address,uint256,bytes) b61d27f6
executeCall(address,uint256,bytes) 9e5d4c49
call(address,uint256,bytes) 6dbf2fa0
forward(address,uint256,bytes) d7f31eb9
forwardCall(address,uint256,bytes) 6effec50
execute(address,bytes) 1cff79cd
execute(bytes) 09c5eabe
execute(address,uint256,bytes,bytes) da0980c7
isValidSignature(bytes32,bytes) 1626ba7e
isValidSignature(bytes,bytes) 20c13b0b
supportsInterface(bytes4) 01ffc9a7
nonce() affed0e0
getNonce() d087d288
getOwner() 893d20e8
owner() 8da5cb5b
transferOwnership(address) f2fde38b
renounceOwnership() 715018a6
upgradeTo(address) 3659cfe6
upgradeToAndCall(address,bytes) 4f1ef286
setOwner(address) 13af4035
thinking
**Analyzing unknown function selectors**
I'm comparing unknown selectors against known ERC-4337 and related contract functions but haven't matched them yet; next, I'll precisely compute selectors from suspected signatures to identify their source.
thinking
**Considering EIP-6551 and proxies**
I'm comparing selectors to EIP-6551 and proxy-related functions but still not finding matches; next, I'll search for raw bytecode or dispatcher constants to identify selectors directly from the contract.
exec
/bin/bash -lc 'rg -n "bytecode" BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json | head -n 20' in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv succeeded in 8ms:
2199: "runtime_bytecode": {
exec
/bin/bash -lc "python - <<'PY'
import json
with open('BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json') as f:
data=json.load(f)
rb=data.get('runtime_bytecode')
print(rb.keys())
print('len',len(rb.get('hex','')))
print(rb.get('hex','')[:120])
PY" in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv exited 1 in 35ms:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 5, in <module>
AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'keys'
thinking
**Searching for runtime_bytecode context**
exec
/bin/bash -lc "python - <<'PY'
import json
with open('BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json') as f:
data=json.load(f)
# find runtime_bytecode recursively
paths=[]
def walk(obj,path):
if isinstance(obj,dict):
for k,v in obj.items():
if k=='runtime_bytecode':
paths.append(path+[k])
walk(v,path+[k])
elif isinstance(obj,list):
for i,v in enumerate(obj):
walk(v,path+[i])
walk(data,[])
print('paths',paths)
if paths:
p=paths[0]
obj=data
for key in p:
obj=obj[key]
print('runtime keys',obj.keys())
print('hex prefix',obj.get('hex','')[:100])
print('hex len',len(obj.get('hex','')))
PY" in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv succeeded in 37ms:
paths [['artifact', 'runtime_bytecode']]
runtime keys dict_keys(['full', 'head', 'length', 'tail', 'truncated'])
hex prefix
hex len 0
thinking
**Inspecting artifact runtime_bytecode**
I found the artifact's runtime_bytecode key is present but empty in hex, suggesting possible truncation or omission; next, I'll explore the artifact section further to confirm its completeness.
exec
/bin/bash -lc "python - <<'PY'
import json
with open('BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json') as f:
data=json.load(f)
print(data.keys())
print('artifact keys', data.get('artifact',{}).keys())
print(json.dumps(data.get('artifact',{}),indent=2)[:1000])
PY" in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv succeeded in 26ms:
dict_keys(['analysis_artifact', 'analysis_run', 'artifact', 'capability_graph', 'detector_findings', 'heuristics_summary'])
artifact keys dict_keys(['codehash', 'compiler_json', 'implementation_address', 'is_proxy', 'runtime_bytecode', 'verified_source'])
{
"codehash": "0x382c2960b95f2508e106d4410243b37afabcd9e526aa3ab29871201a25f1cbd1",
"compiler_json": {
"compiler_version": null,
"etherscan": {
"contract_name": null,
"implementation": null,
"license": "Unknown",
"proxy": "0",
"swarm_source": null
},
"optimizer_enabled": false,
"optimizer_runs": 0,
"proxy_evidence": {
"status": "not_proxy"
}
},
"implementation_address": null,
thinking
**Planning custom Python EVM disassembler**
I'll write a Python script to decode EVM bytecode into instructions and constants, aiming to map function selectors to code offsets for analysis.
exec
/bin/bash -lc "python - <<'PY'
import binascii, json
from pathlib import Path
with open('BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json') as f:
data=json.load(f)
code=data['artifact']['runtime_bytecode']['full']
if code.startswith('0x'): code=code[2:]
bytecode=bytes.fromhex(code)
# simple disassembler to extract dispatcher mapping
# We'll parse until first JUMPDEST after dispatcher maybe
# opcode map
opcodes={
0x00:'STOP',0x01:'ADD',0x02:'MUL',0x03:'SUB',0x04:'DIV',0x05:'SDIV',0x06:'MOD',0x07:'SMOD',0x08:'ADDMOD',0x09:'MULMOD',0x0a:'EXP',0x0b:'SIGNEXTEND',
0x10:'LT',0x11:'GT',0x12:'SLT',0x13:'SGT',0x14:'EQ',0x15:'ISZERO',0x16:'AND',0x17:'OR',0x18:'XOR',0x19:'NOT',0x1a:'BYTE',0x1b:'SHL',0x1c:'SHR',0x1d:'SAR',
0x20:'SHA3',
0x30:'ADDRESS',0x31:'BALANCE',0x32:'ORIGIN',0x33:'CALLER',0x34:'CALLVALUE',0x35:'CALLDATALOAD',0x36:'CALLDATASIZE',0x37:'CALLDATACOPY',0x38:'CODESIZE',0x39:'CODECOPY',0x3a:'GASPRICE',0x3b:'EXTCODESIZE',0x3c:'EXTCODECOPY',0x3d:'RETURNDATASIZE',0x3e:'RETURNDATACOPY',0x3f:'EXTCODEHASH',
0x40:'BLOCKHASH',0x41:'COINBASE',0x42:'TIMESTAMP',0x43:'NUMBER',0x44:'DIFFICULTY',0x45:'GASLIMIT',0x46:'CHAINID',0x47:'SELFBALANCE',0x48:'BASEFEE',
0x50:'POP',0x51:'MLOAD',0x52:'MSTORE',0x53:'MSTORE8',0x54:'SLOAD',0x55:'SSTORE',0x56:'JUMP',0x57:'JUMPI',0x58:'PC',0x59:'MSIZE',0x5a:'GAS',0x5b:'JUMPDEST',
0x60:'PUSH1',0x61:'PUSH2',0x62:'PUSH3',0x63:'PUSH4',0x64:'PUSH5',0x65:'PUSH6',0x66:'PUSH7',0x67:'PUSH8',0x68:'PUSH9',0x69:'PUSH10',0x6a:'PUSH11',0x6b:'PUSH12',0x6c:'PUSH13',0x6d:'PUSH14',0x6e:'PUSH15',0x6f:'PUSH16',
0x70:'PUSH17',0x71:'PUSH18',0x72:'PUSH19',0x73:'PUSH20',0x74:'PUSH21',0x75:'PUSH22',0x76:'PUSH23',0x77:'PUSH24',0x78:'PUSH25',0x79:'PUSH26',0x7a:'PUSH27',0x7b:'PUSH28',0x7c:'PUSH29',0x7d:'PUSH30',0x7e:'PUSH31',0x7f:'PUSH32',
0x80:'DUP1',0x81:'DUP2',0x82:'DUP3',0x83:'DUP4',0x84:'DUP5',0x85:'DUP6',0x86:'DUP7',0x87:'DUP8',0x88:'DUP9',0x89:'DUP10',0x8a:'DUP11',0x8b:'DUP12',0x8c:'DUP13',0x8d:'DUP14',0x8e:'DUP15',0x8f:'DUP16',
0x90:'SWAP1',0x91:'SWAP2',0x92:'SWAP3',0x93:'SWAP4',0x94:'SWAP5',0x95:'SWAP6',0x96:'SWAP7',0x97:'SWAP8',0x98:'SWAP9',0x99:'SWAP10',0x9a:'SWAP11',0x9b:'SWAP12',0x9c:'SWAP13',0x9d:'SWAP14',0x9e:'SWAP15',0x9f:'SWAP16',
0xa0:'LOG0',0xa1:'LOG1',0xa2:'LOG2',0xa3:'LOG3',0xa4:'LOG4',
0xf0:'CREATE',0xf1:'CALL',0xf2:'CALLCODE',0xf3:'RETURN',0xf4:'DELEGATECALL',0xf5:'CREATE2',0xfa:'STATICCALL',0xfd:'REVERT',0xfe:'INVALID',0xff:'SELFDESTRUCT'
}
# disassemble initial part to find dispatcher
pc=0
instrs=[]
while pc<len(bytecode):
op=bytecode[pc]
name=opcodes.get(op, f'OP_{op:02x}')
pc_next=pc+1
imm=None
if 0x60<=op<=0x7f:
n=op-0x5f
imm=bytecode[pc_next:pc_next+n]
pc_next+=n
instrs.append((pc,name,imm))
pc=pc_next
if pc>400: # only first chunk for dispatcher
break
# print first 150 instructions
for pc,name,imm in instrs[:120]:
if imm is None:
print(f\"{pc:04x}: {name}\")
else:
print(f\"{pc:04x}: {name} 0x{imm.hex()}\")
# find PUSH4 selectors in dispatcher area
print('\\nSelectors in first 200 bytes:')
for pc,name,imm in instrs:
if name=='PUSH4':
print(pc, imm.hex())
PY" in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv succeeded in 40ms:
0000: PUSH1 0x80
0002: PUSH1 0x40
0004: MSTORE
0005: CALLVALUE
0006: DUP1
0007: ISZERO
0008: PUSH2 0x0010
000b: JUMPI
000c: PUSH1 0x00
000e: DUP1
000f: REVERT
0010: JUMPDEST
0011: POP
0012: PUSH1 0x04
0014: CALLDATASIZE
0015: LT
0016: PUSH2 0x007f
0019: JUMPI
001a: PUSH1 0x00
001c: CALLDATALOAD
thinking
**Mapping runtime bytecode functions**
I'm planning to disassemble around key program counters like 0x00d8 and 0x01f8 to identify function boundaries and internal calls, aiming to script annotated disassembly of each function for clearer input decoding and logic mapping.
exec
/bin/bash -lc "python - <<'PY'
import json
from eth_utils import keccak
with open('BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json') as f:
data=json.load(f)
code=data['artifact']['runtime_bytecode']['full']
code=code[2:]
bytecode=bytes.fromhex(code)
opcodes={
0x00:'STOP',0x01:'ADD',0x02:'MUL',0x03:'SUB',0x04:'DIV',0x05:'SDIV',0x06:'MOD',0x07:'SMOD',0x08:'ADDMOD',0x09:'MULMOD',0x0a:'EXP',0x0b:'SIGNEXTEND',
0x10:'LT',0x11:'GT',0x12:'SLT',0x13:'SGT',0x14:'EQ',0x15:'ISZERO',0x16:'AND',0x17:'OR',0x18:'XOR',0x19:'NOT',0x1a:'BYTE',0x1b:'SHL',0x1c:'SHR',0x1d:'SAR',
0x20:'SHA3',
0x30:'ADDRESS',0x31:'BALANCE',0x32:'ORIGIN',0x33:'CALLER',0x34:'CALLVALUE',0x35:'CALLDATALOAD',0x36:'CALLDATASIZE',0x37:'CALLDATACOPY',0x38:'CODESIZE',0x39:'CODECOPY',0x3a:'GASPRICE',0x3b:'EXTCODESIZE',0x3c:'EXTCODECOPY',0x3d:'RETURNDATASIZE',0x3e:'RETURNDATACOPY',0x3f:'EXTCODEHASH',
0x40:'BLOCKHASH',0x41:'COINBASE',0x42:'TIMESTAMP',0x43:'NUMBER',0x44:'DIFFICULTY',0x45:'GASLIMIT',0x46:'CHAINID',0x47:'SELFBALANCE',0x48:'BASEFEE',
0x50:'POP',0x51:'MLOAD',0x52:'MSTORE',0x53:'MSTORE8',0x54:'SLOAD',0x55:'SSTORE',0x56:'JUMP',0x57:'JUMPI',0x58:'PC',0x59:'MSIZE',0x5a:'GAS',0x5b:'JUMPDEST',
0x60:'PUSH1',0x61:'PUSH2',0x62:'PUSH3',0x63:'PUSH4',0x64:'PUSH5',0x65:'PUSH6',0x66:'PUSH7',0x67:'PUSH8',0x68:'PUSH9',0x69:'PUSH10',0x6a:'PUSH11',0x6b:'PUSH12',0x6c:'PUSH13',0x6d:'PUSH14',0x6e:'PUSH15',0x6f:'PUSH16',
0x70:'PUSH17',0x71:'PUSH18',0x72:'PUSH19',0x73:'PUSH20',0x74:'PUSH21',0x75:'PUSH22',0x76:'PUSH23',0x77:'PUSH24',0x78:'PUSH25',0x79:'PUSH26',0x7a:'PUSH27',0x7b:'PUSH28',0x7c:'PUSH29',0x7d:'PUSH30',0x7e:'PUSH31',0x7f:'PUSH32',
0x80:'DUP1',0x81:'DUP2',0x82:'DUP3',0x83:'DUP4',0x84:'DUP5',0x85:'DUP6',0x86:'DUP7',0x87:'DUP8',0x88:'DUP9',0x89:'DUP10',0x8a:'DUP11',0x8b:'DUP12',0x8c:'DUP13',0x8d:'DUP14',0x8e:'DUP15',0x8f:'DUP16',
0x90:'SWAP1',0x91:'SWAP2',0x92:'SWAP3',0x93:'SWAP4',0x94:'SWAP5',0x95:'SWAP6',0x96:'SWAP7',0x97:'SWAP8',0x98:'SWAP9',0x99:'SWAP10',0x9a:'SWAP11',0x9b:'SWAP12',0x9c:'SWAP13',0x9d:'SWAP14',0x9e:'SWAP15',0x9f:'SWAP16',
0xa0:'LOG0',0xa1:'LOG1',0xa2:'LOG2',0xa3:'LOG3',0xa4:'LOG4',
0xf0:'CREATE',0xf1:'CALL',0xf2:'CALLCODE',0xf3:'RETURN',0xf4:'DELEGATECALL',0xf5:'CREATE2',0xfa:'STATICCALL',0xfd:'REVERT',0xfe:'INVALID',0xff:'SELFDESTRUCT'
}
# disassemble full with pc map
instrs=[]
pc=0
while pc<len(bytecode):
op=bytecode[pc]
name=opcodes.get(op, f'OP_{op:02x}')
imm=None
pc_next=pc+1
if 0x60<=op<=0x7f:
n=op-0x5f
imm=bytecode[pc_next:pc_next+n]
pc_next+=n
instrs.append((pc,name,imm))
pc=pc_next
# build dict pc->index
pc_index={pc:i for i,(pc,_,_) in enumerate(instrs)}
# helper to print range
def print_range(start,end):
for pc,name,imm in instrs:
if start<=pc<=end:
if imm is None:
print(f\"{pc:04x}: {name}\")
else:
print(f\"{pc:04x}: {name} 0x{imm.hex()}\")
print('---')
# print ranges around function entry points
for start in [0x00fa,0x016a,0x01b4,0x01f8,0x02ca,0x02f3,0x0150]:
print('range around',hex(start))
print_range(start,start+0x80)
PY" in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv succeeded in 225ms:
range around 0xfa
00fa: JUMPDEST
00fb: PUSH2 0x0150
00fe: PUSH1 0x04
0100: DUP1
0101: CALLDATASIZE
0102: SUB
0103: PUSH1 0x60
0105: DUP2
0106: LT
0107: ISZERO
0108: PUSH2 0x0110
010b: JUMPI
010c: PUSH1 0x00
010e: DUP1
010f: REVERT
0110: JUMPDEST
0111: DUP2
0112: ADD
0113: SWAP1
thinking
**Analyzing selector-function mappings**
I clarified that selector 0x8f32d59b maps to an owner-check function returning boolean, while 0x8da5cb5b is the owner() getter, and 0x715018a6 triggers renounceOwnership logic emitting OwnershipTransferred events. This refines the contract's access control understanding.
thinking
**Identifying transferOwnership and key functions**
I confirmed selector 0xf2fde38b triggers transferOwnership with an address param forwarding to internal logic at 0x05fb, and 0xbab46259 returns an address from 0x05d5, likely a view function. Next, I plan to disassemble 0x034a–0x06ff to investigate the multi-param external call function.
exec
/bin/bash -lc "python - <<'PY'
import json
with open('BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json') as f:
data=json.load(f)
code=data['artifact']['runtime_bytecode']['full'][2:]
bytecode=bytes.fromhex(code)
opcodes={
0x00:'STOP',0x01:'ADD',0x02:'MUL',0x03:'SUB',0x04:'DIV',0x05:'SDIV',0x06:'MOD',0x07:'SMOD',0x08:'ADDMOD',0x09:'MULMOD',0x0a:'EXP',0x0b:'SIGNEXTEND',
0x10:'LT',0x11:'GT',0x12:'SLT',0x13:'SGT',0x14:'EQ',0x15:'ISZERO',0x16:'AND',0x17:'OR',0x18:'XOR',0x19:'NOT',0x1a:'BYTE',0x1b:'SHL',0x1c:'SHR',0x1d:'SAR',
0x20:'SHA3',
0x30:'ADDRESS',0x31:'BALANCE',0x32:'ORIGIN',0x33:'CALLER',0x34:'CALLVALUE',0x35:'CALLDATALOAD',0x36:'CALLDATASIZE',0x37:'CALLDATACOPY',0x38:'CODESIZE',0x39:'CODECOPY',0x3a:'GASPRICE',0x3b:'EXTCODESIZE',0x3c:'EXTCODECOPY',0x3d:'RETURNDATASIZE',0x3e:'RETURNDATACOPY',0x3f:'EXTCODEHASH',
0x40:'BLOCKHASH',0x41:'COINBASE',0x42:'TIMESTAMP',0x43:'NUMBER',0x44:'DIFFICULTY',0x45:'GASLIMIT',0x46:'CHAINID',0x47:'SELFBALANCE',0x48:'BASEFEE',
0x50:'POP',0x51:'MLOAD',0x52:'MSTORE',0x53:'MSTORE8',0x54:'SLOAD',0x55:'SSTORE',0x56:'JUMP',0x57:'JUMPI',0x58:'PC',0x59:'MSIZE',0x5a:'GAS',0x5b:'JUMPDEST',
0x60:'PUSH1',0x61:'PUSH2',0x62:'PUSH3',0x63:'PUSH4',0x64:'PUSH5',0x65:'PUSH6',0x66:'PUSH7',0x67:'PUSH8',0x68:'PUSH9',0x69:'PUSH10',0x6a:'PUSH11',0x6b:'PUSH12',0x6c:'PUSH13',0x6d:'PUSH14',0x6e:'PUSH15',0x6f:'PUSH16',
0x70:'PUSH17',0x71:'PUSH18',0x72:'PUSH19',0x73:'PUSH20',0x74:'PUSH21',0x75:'PUSH22',0x76:'PUSH23',0x77:'PUSH24',0x78:'PUSH25',0x79:'PUSH26',0x7a:'PUSH27',0x7b:'PUSH28',0x7c:'PUSH29',0x7d:'PUSH30',0x7e:'PUSH31',0x7f:'PUSH32',
0x80:'DUP1',0x81:'DUP2',0x82:'DUP3',0x83:'DUP4',0x84:'DUP5',0x85:'DUP6',0x86:'DUP7',0x87:'DUP8',0x88:'DUP9',0x89:'DUP10',0x8a:'DUP11',0x8b:'DUP12',0x8c:'DUP13',0x8d:'DUP14',0x8e:'DUP15',0x8f:'DUP16',
0x90:'SWAP1',0x91:'SWAP2',0x92:'SWAP3',0x93:'SWAP4',0x94:'SWAP5',0x95:'SWAP6',0x96:'SWAP7',0x97:'SWAP8',0x98:'SWAP9',0x99:'SWAP10',0x9a:'SWAP11',0x9b:'SWAP12',0x9c:'SWAP13',0x9d:'SWAP14',0x9e:'SWAP15',0x9f:'SWAP16',
0xa0:'LOG0',0xa1:'LOG1',0xa2:'LOG2',0xa3:'LOG3',0xa4:'LOG4',
0xf0:'CREATE',0xf1:'CALL',0xf2:'CALLCODE',0xf3:'RETURN',0xf4:'DELEGATECALL',0xf5:'CREATE2',0xfa:'STATICCALL',0xfd:'REVERT',0xfe:'INVALID',0xff:'SELFDESTRUCT'
}
# disassemble and print from 0x034a to 0x0600
pc=0
instrs=[]
while pc<len(bytecode):
op=bytecode[pc]
name=opcodes.get(op, f'OP_{op:02x}')
imm=None
pc_next=pc+1
if 0x60<=op<=0x7f:
n=op-0x5f
imm=bytecode[pc_next:pc_next+n]
pc_next+=n
instrs.append((pc,name,imm))
pc=pc_next
for pc,name,imm in instrs:
if 0x034a <= pc <= 0x0600:
if imm is None:
print(f\"{pc:04x}: {name}\")
else:
print(f\"{pc:04x}: {name} 0x{imm.hex()}\")
PY" in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv succeeded in 30ms:
034a: JUMPDEST
034b: PUSH1 0x00
034d: PUSH2 0x0354
0350: PUSH2 0x02f3
0353: JUMP
0354: JUMPDEST
0355: ISZERO
0356: ISZERO
0357: PUSH2 0x035f
035a: JUMPI
035b: PUSH1 0x00
035d: DUP1
035e: REVERT
035f: JUMPDEST
0360: PUSH1 0x00
0362: PUSH2 0x047b
0365: DUP4
0366: PUSH2 0x046d
0369: DUP7
036a: PUSH1 0x01
thinking
**Clarifying ERC20 call usage**
The call uses selectors for balanceOf and transfer, likely interacting with an ERC20 token contract; the code checks ownership and then prepares a staticcall to balanceOf on an address stored in slot 0, which may hold the token address rather than the owner.
thinking
**Mapping ERC20 balance check and branching**
The code prepares a call to balanceOf on the token contract (passing address(this)) and processes its 32-byte return to branch between two code paths, likely handling success or failure after checking the contract’s token balance; next steps include inspecting the jump targets for more context.
exec
/bin/bash -lc "python - <<'PY'
import json
with open('BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json') as f:
data=json.load(f)
code=bytes.fromhex(data['artifact']['runtime_bytecode']['full'][2:])
# disassemble around 0x061a and 0x0658
opcodes={
0x00:'STOP',0x01:'ADD',0x02:'MUL',0x03:'SUB',0x04:'DIV',0x05:'SDIV',0x06:'MOD',0x07:'SMOD',0x08:'ADDMOD',0x09:'MULMOD',0x0a:'EXP',0x0b:'SIGNEXTEND',
0x10:'LT',0x11:'GT',0x12:'SLT',0x13:'SGT',0x14:'EQ',0x15:'ISZERO',0x16:'AND',0x17:'OR',0x18:'XOR',0x19:'NOT',0x1a:'BYTE',0x1b:'SHL',0x1c:'SHR',0x1d:'SAR',
0x20:'SHA3',
0x30:'ADDRESS',0x31:'BALANCE',0x32:'ORIGIN',0x33:'CALLER',0x34:'CALLVALUE',0x35:'CALLDATALOAD',0x36:'CALLDATASIZE',0x37:'CALLDATACOPY',0x38:'CODESIZE',0x39:'CODECOPY',0x3a:'GASPRICE',0x3b:'EXTCODESIZE',0x3c:'EXTCODECOPY',0x3d:'RETURNDATASIZE',0x3e:'RETURNDATACOPY',0x3f:'EXTCODEHASH',
0x40:'BLOCKHASH',0x41:'COINBASE',0x42:'TIMESTAMP',0x43:'NUMBER',0x44:'DIFFICULTY',0x45:'GASLIMIT',0x46:'CHAINID',0x47:'SELFBALANCE',0x48:'BASEFEE',
0x50:'POP',0x51:'MLOAD',0x52:'MSTORE',0x53:'MSTORE8',0x54:'SLOAD',0x55:'SSTORE',0x56:'JUMP',0x57:'JUMPI',0x58:'PC',0x59:'MSIZE',0x5a:'GAS',0x5b:'JUMPDEST',
0x60:'PUSH1',0x61:'PUSH2',0x62:'PUSH3',0x63:'PUSH4',0x64:'PUSH5',0x65:'PUSH6',0x66:'PUSH7',0x67:'PUSH8',0x68:'PUSH9',0x69:'PUSH10',0x6a:'PUSH11',0x6b:'PUSH12',0x6c:'PUSH13',0x6d:'PUSH14',0x6e:'PUSH15',0x6f:'PUSH16',
0x70:'PUSH17',0x71:'PUSH18',0x72:'PUSH19',0x73:'PUSH20',0x74:'PUSH21',0x75:'PUSH22',0x76:'PUSH23',0x77:'PUSH24',0x78:'PUSH25',0x79:'PUSH26',0x7a:'PUSH27',0x7b:'PUSH28',0x7c:'PUSH29',0x7d:'PUSH30',0x7e:'PUSH31',0x7f:'PUSH32',
0x80:'DUP1',0x81:'DUP2',0x82:'DUP3',0x83:'DUP4',0x84:'DUP5',0x85:'DUP6',0x86:'DUP7',0x87:'DUP8',0x88:'DUP9',0x89:'DUP10',0x8a:'DUP11',0x8b:'DUP12',0x8c:'DUP13',0x8d:'DUP14',0x8e:'DUP15',0x8f:'DUP16',
0x90:'SWAP1',0x91:'SWAP2',0x92:'SWAP3',0x93:'SWAP4',0x94:'SWAP5',0x95:'SWAP6',0x96:'SWAP7',0x97:'SWAP8',0x98:'SWAP9',0x99:'SWAP10',0x9a:'SWAP11',0x9b:'SWAP12',0x9c:'SWAP13',0x9d:'SWAP14',0x9e:'SWAP15',0x9f:'SWAP16',
0xa0:'LOG0',0xa1:'LOG1',0xa2:'LOG2',0xa3:'LOG3',0xa4:'LOG4',
0xf0:'CREATE',0xf1:'CALL',0xf2:'CALLCODE',0xf3:'RETURN',0xf4:'DELEGATECALL',0xf5:'CREATE2',0xfa:'STATICCALL',0xfd:'REVERT',0xfe:'INVALID',0xff:'SELFDESTRUCT'
}
# disassemble
pc=0
instrs=[]
while pc<len(code):
op=code[pc]
name=opcodes.get(op,f'OP_{op:02x}')
imm=None
pc_next=pc+1
if 0x60<=op<=0x7f:
n=op-0x5f
imm=code[pc_next:pc_next+n]
pc_next+=n
instrs.append((pc,name,imm))
pc=pc_next
for pc,name,imm in instrs:
if 0x0610 <= pc <= 0x0700:
if imm is None:
print(f\"{pc:04x}: {name}\")
else:
print(f\"{pc:04x}: {name} 0x{imm.hex()}\")
PY" in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv succeeded in 30ms:
0612: DUP2
0613: PUSH2 0x0682
0616: JUMP
0617: JUMPDEST
0618: POP
0619: JUMP
061a: JUMPDEST
061b: PUSH1 0x00
061d: DUP1
061e: DUP4
061f: EQ
0620: ISZERO
0621: PUSH2 0x062d
0624: JUMPI
0625: PUSH1 0x00
0627: SWAP1
0628: POP
0629: PUSH2 0x0652
062c: JUMP
062d: JUMPDEST
exec
/bin/bash -lc "python - <<'PY'
import json
with open('BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json') as f:
data=json.load(f)
code=bytes.fromhex(data['artifact']['runtime_bytecode']['full'][2:])
opcodes={
0x00:'STOP',0x01:'ADD',0x02:'MUL',0x03:'SUB',0x04:'DIV',0x05:'SDIV',0x06:'MOD',0x07:'SMOD',0x08:'ADDMOD',0x09:'MULMOD',0x0a:'EXP',0x0b:'SIGNEXTEND',
0x10:'LT',0x11:'GT',0x12:'SLT',0x13:'SGT',0x14:'EQ',0x15:'ISZERO',0x16:'AND',0x17:'OR',0x18:'XOR',0x19:'NOT',0x1a:'BYTE',0x1b:'SHL',0x1c:'SHR',0x1d:'SAR',
0x20:'SHA3',
0x30:'ADDRESS',0x31:'BALANCE',0x32:'ORIGIN',0x33:'CALLER',0x34:'CALLVALUE',0x35:'CALLDATALOAD',0x36:'CALLDATASIZE',0x37:'CALLDATACOPY',0x38:'CODESIZE',0x39:'CODECOPY',0x3a:'GASPRICE',0x3b:'EXTCODESIZE',0x3c:'EXTCODECOPY',0x3d:'RETURNDATASIZE',0x3e:'RETURNDATACOPY',0x3f:'EXTCODEHASH',
0x40:'BLOCKHASH',0x41:'COINBASE',0x42:'TIMESTAMP',0x43:'NUMBER',0x44:'DIFFICULTY',0x45:'GASLIMIT',0x46:'CHAINID',0x47:'SELFBALANCE',0x48:'BASEFEE',
0x50:'POP',0x51:'MLOAD',0x52:'MSTORE',0x53:'MSTORE8',0x54:'SLOAD',0x55:'SSTORE',0x56:'JUMP',0x57:'JUMPI',0x58:'PC',0x59:'MSIZE',0x5a:'GAS',0x5b:'JUMPDEST',
0x60:'PUSH1',0x61:'PUSH2',0x62:'PUSH3',0x63:'PUSH4',0x64:'PUSH5',0x65:'PUSH6',0x66:'PUSH7',0x67:'PUSH8',0x68:'PUSH9',0x69:'PUSH10',0x6a:'PUSH11',0x6b:'PUSH12',0x6c:'PUSH13',0x6d:'PUSH14',0x6e:'PUSH15',0x6f:'PUSH16',
0x70:'PUSH17',0x71:'PUSH18',0x72:'PUSH19',0x73:'PUSH20',0x74:'PUSH21',0x75:'PUSH22',0x76:'PUSH23',0x77:'PUSH24',0x78:'PUSH25',0x79:'PUSH26',0x7a:'PUSH27',0x7b:'PUSH28',0x7c:'PUSH29',0x7d:'PUSH30',0x7e:'PUSH31',0x7f:'PUSH32',
0x80:'DUP1',0x81:'DUP2',0x82:'DUP3',0x83:'DUP4',0x84:'DUP5',0x85:'DUP6',0x86:'DUP7',0x87:'DUP8',0x88:'DUP9',0x89:'DUP10',0x8a:'DUP11',0x8b:'DUP12',0x8c:'DUP13',0x8d:'DUP14',0x8e:'DUP15',0x8f:'DUP16',
0x90:'SWAP1',0x91:'SWAP2',0x92:'SWAP3',0x93:'SWAP4',0x94:'SWAP5',0x95:'SWAP6',0x96:'SWAP7',0x97:'SWAP8',0x98:'SWAP9',0x99:'SWAP10',0x9a:'SWAP11',0x9b:'SWAP12',0x9c:'SWAP13',0x9d:'SWAP14',0x9e:'SWAP15',0x9f:'SWAP16',
0xa0:'LOG0',0xa1:'LOG1',0xa2:'LOG2',0xa3:'LOG3',0xa4:'LOG4',
0xf0:'CREATE',0xf1:'CALL',0xf2:'CALLCODE',0xf3:'RETURN',0xf4:'DELEGATECALL',0xf5:'CREATE2',0xfa:'STATICCALL',0xfd:'REVERT',0xfe:'INVALID',0xff:'SELFDESTRUCT'
}
pc=0
instrs=[]
while pc<len(code):
op=code[pc]
name=opcodes.get(op,f'OP_{op:02x}')
imm=None
pc_next=pc+1
if 0x60<=op<=0x7f:
n=op-0x5f
imm=code[pc_next:pc_next+n]
pc_next+=n
instrs.append((pc,name,imm))
pc=pc_next
for pc,name,imm in instrs:
if 0x06f0 <= pc <= 0x0800:
if imm is None:
print(f\"{pc:04x}: {name}\")
else:
print(f\"{pc:04x}: {name} 0x{imm.hex()}\")
PY" in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv succeeded in 62ms:
06f7: AND
06f8: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
070d: AND
070e: PUSH32 0x8be0079c531659141344cd1fd0a4f28419497f9722a3daafe3b4186f6b6457e0
072f: PUSH1 0x40
0731: MLOAD
0732: PUSH1 0x40
0734: MLOAD
0735: DUP1
0736: SWAP2
0737: SUB
0738: SWAP1
0739: LOG3
073a: DUP1
073b: PUSH1 0x00
073d: DUP1
073e: PUSH2 0x0100
0741: EXP
0742: DUP2
0743: SLOAD
thinking
**Mapping ownership and token transfer logic**
I'm confirming the code segment checks for zero address before updating ownership and emitting events, matching transferOwnership logic. The function with selector 0xb5c5f672 likely handles token withdrawal by calling ERC20 transfer after verifying ownership via onlyOwner checks and querying token balance with balanceOf (via staticcall).
thinking
**Confirming token sweep logic with partial return value check**
I determined the function likely implements a sweep of ERC20 tokens by verifying ownership, fetching the contract’s token balance via staticcall, and conditionally setting transfer amount. The external call transfers tokens with zero ETH value but doesn’t validate the ERC20 transfer’s returned boolean, accepting tokens that return false as success, which poses a potential reliability issue.
exec
/bin/bash -lc "python - <<'PY'
from eth_utils import keccak
def ev(sig):
return keccak(text=sig).hex()
candidates=[
'Withdraw(address,address,uint256)',
'Withdraw(address,uint256)',
'Withdrawal(address,address,uint256)',
'Transfer(address,address,uint256)',
'Deposit(address,address,uint256)',
'Sweep(address,address,uint256)',
'Sweep(address,address,uint256,uint256)',
'Withdraw(address,address,uint256,uint256)',
'Withdrawn(address,address,uint256)',
'TokensWithdrawn(address,address,uint256)',
'Recovered(address,address,uint256)',
'Recovered(address,uint256)',
'TokenRecovered(address,address,uint256)',
'ERC20Recovered(address,address,uint256)',
]
for sig in candidates:
h=ev(sig)
if h.startswith('7fcf532c15f0a6db0bd6d0e038bea71d30d808c7d98cb3bf7268a95bf5081b65'):
print('match??',sig)
# print short prefix
print(sig,h[:10])
PY" in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv succeeded in 288ms:
Withdraw(address,address,uint256) 9b1bfa7fa9
Withdraw(address,uint256) 884edad9ce
Withdrawal(address,address,uint256) 2717ead6b9
Transfer(address,address,uint256) ddf252ad1b
Deposit(address,address,uint256) 5548c837ab
Sweep(address,address,uint256) ed679328ae
Sweep(address,address,uint256,uint256) 83a064c587
Withdraw(address,address,uint256,uint256) f341246ada
Withdrawn(address,address,uint256) d1c19fbcd4
TokensWithdrawn(address,address,uint256) 6337ed398c
Recovered(address,address,uint256) fff3b38442
Recovered(address,uint256) 8c1256b889
TokenRecovered(address,address,uint256) 879f92dded
ERC20Recovered(address,address,uint256) aca8fb252c
thinking
**Assessing security-related function behavior**
Analyzing token transfer logic shows onlyOwner restriction with safe math and balance checks, no evident reentrancy or upgradeability issues; owner control over arbitrary token transfers is expected and not problematic here.
thinking
**Identifying unchecked ERC20 call and preparing symbolic execution**
Found the function uses low-level ERC20 transfer call without checking its return value and relies on balanceOf-derived amounts without clear upper bound checks; to clarify exact operand roles and invariants, I'm starting a symbolic stack simulation of the function’s core logic to reveal potential vulnerabilities.
exec
/bin/bash -lc "python - <<'PY'
import json
from collections import defaultdict
with open('BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json') as f:
data=json.load(f)
code=bytes.fromhex(data['artifact']['runtime_bytecode']['full'][2:])
opcodes={
0x00:'STOP',0x01:'ADD',0x02:'MUL',0x03:'SUB',0x04:'DIV',0x05:'SDIV',0x06:'MOD',0x07:'SMOD',0x08:'ADDMOD',0x09:'MULMOD',0x0a:'EXP',0x0b:'SIGNEXTEND',
0x10:'LT',0x11:'GT',0x12:'SLT',0x13:'SGT',0x14:'EQ',0x15:'ISZERO',0x16:'AND',0x17:'OR',0x18:'XOR',0x19:'NOT',0x1a:'BYTE',0x1b:'SHL',0x1c:'SHR',0x1d:'SAR',
0x20:'SHA3',
0x30:'ADDRESS',0x31:'BALANCE',0x32:'ORIGIN',0x33:'CALLER',0x34:'CALLVALUE',0x35:'CALLDATALOAD',0x36:'CALLDATASIZE',0x37:'CALLDATACOPY',0x38:'CODESIZE',0x39:'CODECOPY',0x3a:'GASPRICE',0x3b:'EXTCODESIZE',0x3c:'EXTCODECOPY',0x3d:'RETURNDATASIZE',0x3e:'RETURNDATACOPY',0x3f:'EXTCODEHASH',
0x40:'BLOCKHASH',0x41:'COINBASE',0x42:'TIMESTAMP',0x43:'NUMBER',0x44:'DIFFICULTY',0x45:'GASLIMIT',0x46:'CHAINID',0x47:'SELFBALANCE',0x48:'BASEFEE',
0x50:'POP',0x51:'MLOAD',0x52:'MSTORE',0x53:'MSTORE8',0x54:'SLOAD',0x55:'SSTORE',0x56:'JUMP',0x57:'JUMPI',0x58:'PC',0x59:'MSIZE',0x5a:'GAS',0x5b:'JUMPDEST',
0x60:'PUSH1',0x61:'PUSH2',0x62:'PUSH3',0x63:'PUSH4',0x64:'PUSH5',0x65:'PUSH6',0x66:'PUSH7',0x67:'PUSH8',0x68:'PUSH9',0x69:'PUSH10',0x6a:'PUSH11',0x6b:'PUSH12',0x6c:'PUSH13',0x6d:'PUSH14',0x6e:'PUSH15',0x6f:'PUSH16',
0x70:'PUSH17',0x71:'PUSH18',0x72:'PUSH19',0x73:'PUSH20',0x74:'PUSH21',0x75:'PUSH22',0x76:'PUSH23',0x77:'PUSH24',0x78:'PUSH25',0x79:'PUSH26',0x7a:'PUSH27',0x7b:'PUSH28',0x7c:'PUSH29',0x7d:'PUSH30',0x7e:'PUSH31',0x7f:'PUSH32',
0x80:'DUP1',0x81:'DUP2',0x82:'DUP3',0x83:'DUP4',0x84:'DUP5',0x85:'DUP6',0x86:'DUP7',0x87:'DUP8',0x88:'DUP9',0x89:'DUP10',0x8a:'DUP11',0x8b:'DUP12',0x8c:'DUP13',0x8d:'DUP14',0x8e:'DUP15',0x8f:'DUP16',
0x90:'SWAP1',0x91:'SWAP2',0x92:'SWAP3',0x93:'SWAP4',0x94:'SWAP5',0x95:'SWAP6',0x96:'SWAP7',0x97:'SWAP8',0x98:'SWAP9',0x99:'SWAP10',0x9a:'SWAP11',0x9b:'SWAP12',0x9c:'SWAP13',0x9d:'SWAP14',0x9e:'SWAP15',0x9f:'SWAP16',
0xa0:'LOG0',0xa1:'LOG1',0xa2:'LOG2',0xa3:'LOG3',0xa4:'LOG4',
0xf0:'CREATE',0xf1:'CALL',0xf2:'CALLCODE',0xf3:'RETURN',0xf4:'DELEGATECALL',0xf5:'CREATE2',0xfa:'STATICCALL',0xfd:'REVERT',0xfe:'INVALID',0xff:'SELFDESTRUCT'
}
# disassemble to map pc->(op,imm)
instrs={}
pc=0
while pc<len(code):
op=code[pc]
name=opcodes.get(op,f'OP_{op:02x}')
imm=None
pc_next=pc+1
if 0x60<=op<=0x7f:
n=op-0x5f
imm=code[pc_next:pc_next+n]
pc_next+=n
instrs[pc]=(name,imm,pc_next)
pc=pc_next
# simple symbolic execution from 0x034a until CALL at 0x0593
# start stack with three args in order as produced by decoder.
# We need to compute order. We'll attempt to reconstruct by simulating decoder at 0x00fa.
# Let's simulate decoder quickly to get stack at 0x034a.
def simulate(start_pc, end_pc, init_stack):
stack=init_stack[:]
pc=start_pc
steps=0
while pc"'!=end_pc and steps<1000:
steps+=1
name,imm,next_pc=instrs[pc]
# handle PUSH
if name.startswith('"'PUSH'):
stack.append(('imm',imm.hex()))
elif name.startswith('DUP'):
n=int(name[3:])
stack.append(stack[-n])
elif name.startswith('SWAP'):
n=int(name[4:])
stack[-1], stack[-1-n] = stack[-1-n], stack[-1]
elif name=='POP':
stack.pop()
elif name in ('CALLDATALOAD','CALLDATASIZE','CALLVALUE','ADDRESS','CALLER','SLOAD','MLOAD','RETURNDATASIZE','EXTCODESIZE'):
# push symbolic
stack.append((name,))
elif name in ('ADD','SUB','MUL','DIV','AND','OR','EQ','GT','LT','ISZERO','EXP'):
# pop 2 (or 1) push result
if name=='ISZERO':
a=stack.pop()
stack.append((name,a))
else:
b=stack.pop(); a=stack.pop()
stack.append((name,a,b))
elif name in ('JUMP','JUMPI'):
# stop at jumps for now
pass
# ignore others
pc=next_pc
return stack
# simulate decoder from 0x00fa to 0x014c (just before jump)
stack = simulate(0x00fa, 0x014c, [])
print('stack size',len(stack))
print(stack[-6:])
PY" in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv succeeded in 29ms:
stack size 11
[('ADD', ('imm', '00'), ('imm', '00')), ('AND', ('CALLDATALOAD',), ('imm', 'ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff')), ('imm', '00'), ('CALLDATALOAD',), ('imm', '00'), ('CALLDATALOAD',)]
thinking
**Identifying stack simulation inaccuracies**
The current simulation missed popping stack values for certain opcodes like CALLDATALOAD, resulting in a stack mismatch before the JUMP instruction at 0x014c. I'll implement correct stack semantics for these opcodes and simulate sequentially up to the JUMP, which will mark the stopping point.
thinking
**Planning symbolic execution from function entry**
I'm setting up a symbolic executor starting at 0x00fa with an empty stack, modeling stack operations symbolically and handling JUMPI by taking the success branch. I'll simulate through jumps up to 0x034a while tracking the stack carefully but will skip memory modeling for now.
exec
/bin/bash -lc "python - <<'PY'
import json
with open('BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json') as f:
data=json.load(f)
code=bytes.fromhex(data['artifact']['runtime_bytecode']['full'][2:])
opcodes={
0x00:'STOP',0x01:'ADD',0x02:'MUL',0x03:'SUB',0x04:'DIV',0x05:'SDIV',0x06:'MOD',0x07:'SMOD',0x08:'ADDMOD',0x09:'MULMOD',0x0a:'EXP',0x0b:'SIGNEXTEND',
0x10:'LT',0x11:'GT',0x12:'SLT',0x13:'SGT',0x14:'EQ',0x15:'ISZERO',0x16:'AND',0x17:'OR',0x18:'XOR',0x19:'NOT',0x1a:'BYTE',0x1b:'SHL',0x1c:'SHR',0x1d:'SAR',
0x20:'SHA3',
0x30:'ADDRESS',0x31:'BALANCE',0x32:'ORIGIN',0x33:'CALLER',0x34:'CALLVALUE',0x35:'CALLDATALOAD',0x36:'CALLDATASIZE',0x37:'CALLDATACOPY',0x38:'CODESIZE',0x39:'CODECOPY',0x3a:'GASPRICE',0x3b:'EXTCODESIZE',0x3c:'EXTCODECOPY',0x3d:'RETURNDATASIZE',0x3e:'RETURNDATACOPY',0x3f:'EXTCODEHASH',
0x40:'BLOCKHASH',0x41:'COINBASE',0x42:'TIMESTAMP',0x43:'NUMBER',0x44:'DIFFICULTY',0x45:'GASLIMIT',0x46:'CHAINID',0x47:'SELFBALANCE',0x48:'BASEFEE',
0x50:'POP',0x51:'MLOAD',0x52:'MSTORE',0x53:'MSTORE8',0x54:'SLOAD',0x55:'SSTORE',0x56:'JUMP',0x57:'JUMPI',0x58:'PC',0x59:'MSIZE',0x5a:'GAS',0x5b:'JUMPDEST',
0x60:'PUSH1',0x61:'PUSH2',0x62:'PUSH3',0x63:'PUSH4',0x64:'PUSH5',0x65:'PUSH6',0x66:'PUSH7',0x67:'PUSH8',0x68:'PUSH9',0x69:'PUSH10',0x6a:'PUSH11',0x6b:'PUSH12',0x6c:'PUSH13',0x6d:'PUSH14',0x6e:'PUSH15',0x6f:'PUSH16',
0x70:'PUSH17',0x71:'PUSH18',0x72:'PUSH19',0x73:'PUSH20',0x74:'PUSH21',0x75:'PUSH22',0x76:'PUSH23',0x77:'PUSH24',0x78:'PUSH25',0x79:'PUSH26',0x7a:'PUSH27',0x7b:'PUSH28',0x7c:'PUSH29',0x7d:'PUSH30',0x7e:'PUSH31',0x7f:'PUSH32',
0x80:'DUP1',0x81:'DUP2',0x82:'DUP3',0x83:'DUP4',0x84:'DUP5',0x85:'DUP6',0x86:'DUP7',0x87:'DUP8',0x88:'DUP9',0x89:'DUP10',0x8a:'DUP11',0x8b:'DUP12',0x8c:'DUP13',0x8d:'DUP14',0x8e:'DUP15',0x8f:'DUP16',
0x90:'SWAP1',0x91:'SWAP2',0x92:'SWAP3',0x93:'SWAP4',0x94:'SWAP5',0x95:'SWAP6',0x96:'SWAP7',0x97:'SWAP8',0x98:'SWAP9',0x99:'SWAP10',0x9a:'SWAP11',0x9b:'SWAP12',0x9c:'SWAP13',0x9d:'SWAP14',0x9e:'SWAP15',0x9f:'SWAP16',
0xa0:'LOG0',0xa1:'LOG1',0xa2:'LOG2',0xa3:'LOG3',0xa4:'LOG4',
0xf0:'CREATE',0xf1:'CALL',0xf2:'CALLCODE',0xf3:'RETURN',0xf4:'DELEGATECALL',0xf5:'CREATE2',0xfa:'STATICCALL',0xfd:'REVERT',0xfe:'INVALID',0xff:'SELFDESTRUCT'
}
# disassemble to map pc->(op,imm,next_pc)
instrs={}
pc=0
while pc<len(code):
op=code[pc]
name=opcodes.get(op,f'OP_{op:02x}')
imm=None
pc_next=pc+1
if 0x60<=op<=0x7f:
n=op-0x5f
imm=code[pc_next:pc_next+n]
pc_next+=n
instrs[pc]=(name,imm,pc_next)
pc=pc_next
# symbolic stack item
counter=0
def sym(label):
global counter
counter+=1
return f\"{label}{counter}\"
# simulator
stack=[]
mem={}
pc=0x00fa
visited=set()
steps=0
# We'll simulate until we reach pc 0x034a (function body) and then stop.
while steps<1000:
steps+=1
name,imm,next_pc=instrs[pc]
# print some debug
# print(hex(pc), name, imm.hex() if imm else '')
if name.startswith('PUSH'):
stack.append(int.from_bytes(imm,'big'))
elif name.startswith('DUP'):
n=int(name[3:])
stack.append(stack[-n])
elif name.startswith('SWAP'):
n=int(name[4:])
stack[-1], stack[-1-n] = stack[-1-n], stack[-1]
elif name=='POP':
stack.pop()
elif name=='CALLDATALOAD':
offset=stack.pop()
stack.append(sym('calldata'))
elif name=='CALLDATASIZE':
stack.append(sym('calldatasize'))
elif name=='CALLVALUE':
stack.append(sym('callvalue'))
elif name in ('SLOAD','MLOAD','EXTCODESIZE','RETURNDATASIZE','ADDRESS','CALLER'):
if name in ('SLOAD','MLOAD','EXTCODESIZE'):
if stack: stack.pop()
stack.append(sym(name.lower()))
elif name in ('ADD','SUB','MUL','DIV','AND','OR','EQ','GT','LT','EXP'):
b=stack.pop(); a=stack.pop()
stack.append(sym(name.lower()))
elif name=='ISZERO':
a=stack.pop()
stack.append(sym('iszero'))
elif name=='JUMPI':
dest=stack.pop(); cond=stack.pop()
# follow the non-revert path by jumping to dest
# dest might be int
if isinstance(dest,int):
pc=dest
continue
else:
# unknown, just continue to next
pass
elif name=='JUMP':
dest=stack.pop()
if isinstance(dest,int):
pc=dest
if pc==0x034a:
print('Reached 0x034a with stack:',stack)
break
continue
# advance
pc=next_pc
print('final pc',hex(pc))
print('stack at 0x034a start:')
print(stack)
PY" in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv succeeded in 75ms:
Reached 0x034a with stack: [336, 'and7', 'calldata9', 'calldata11']
final pc 0x34a
stack at 0x034a start:
[336, 'and7', 'calldata9', 'calldata11']
thinking
**Mapping stack arguments before call**
The stack at 0x034a holds return address and three symbolic arguments likely corresponding to an address and two uints. I'm planning symbolic execution from 0x034a to the CALL at 0x0593, tracking argument usage and stack state, following jumps along the main path.
thinking
**Choosing success path in jump simulation**
I'm deciding to always follow JUMPI to the success destination by assuming conditions are true, avoiding revert paths. This approach lets me simulate the main execution flow accurately and track stack state at each CALL for argument identification.
exec
/bin/bash -lc "python - <<'PY'
import json
with open('BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json') as f:
data=json.load(f)
code=bytes.fromhex(data['artifact']['runtime_bytecode']['full'][2:])
opcodes={
0x00:'STOP',0x01:'ADD',0x02:'MUL',0x03:'SUB',0x04:'DIV',0x05:'SDIV',0x06:'MOD',0x07:'SMOD',0x08:'ADDMOD',0x09:'MULMOD',0x0a:'EXP',0x0b:'SIGNEXTEND',
0x10:'LT',0x11:'GT',0x12:'SLT',0x13:'SGT',0x14:'EQ',0x15:'ISZERO',0x16:'AND',0x17:'OR',0x18:'XOR',0x19:'NOT',0x1a:'BYTE',0x1b:'SHL',0x1c:'SHR',0x1d:'SAR',
0x20:'SHA3',
0x30:'ADDRESS',0x31:'BALANCE',0x32:'ORIGIN',0x33:'CALLER',0x34:'CALLVALUE',0x35:'CALLDATALOAD',0x36:'CALLDATASIZE',0x37:'CALLDATACOPY',0x38:'CODESIZE',0x39:'CODECOPY',0x3a:'GASPRICE',0x3b:'EXTCODESIZE',0x3c:'EXTCODECOPY',0x3d:'RETURNDATASIZE',0x3e:'RETURNDATACOPY',0x3f:'EXTCODEHASH',
0x40:'BLOCKHASH',0x41:'COINBASE',0x42:'TIMESTAMP',0x43:'NUMBER',0x44:'DIFFICULTY',0x45:'GASLIMIT',0x46:'CHAINID',0x47:'SELFBALANCE',0x48:'BASEFEE',
0x50:'POP',0x51:'MLOAD',0x52:'MSTORE',0x53:'MSTORE8',0x54:'SLOAD',0x55:'SSTORE',0x56:'JUMP',0x57:'JUMPI',0x58:'PC',0x59:'MSIZE',0x5a:'GAS',0x5b:'JUMPDEST',
0x60:'PUSH1',0x61:'PUSH2',0x62:'PUSH3',0x63:'PUSH4',0x64:'PUSH5',0x65:'PUSH6',0x66:'PUSH7',0x67:'PUSH8',0x68:'PUSH9',0x69:'PUSH10',0x6a:'PUSH11',0x6b:'PUSH12',0x6c:'PUSH13',0x6d:'PUSH14',0x6e:'PUSH15',0x6f:'PUSH16',
0x70:'PUSH17',0x71:'PUSH18',0x72:'PUSH19',0x73:'PUSH20',0x74:'PUSH21',0x75:'PUSH22',0x76:'PUSH23',0x77:'PUSH24',0x78:'PUSH25',0x79:'PUSH26',0x7a:'PUSH27',0x7b:'PUSH28',0x7c:'PUSH29',0x7d:'PUSH30',0x7e:'PUSH31',0x7f:'PUSH32',
0x80:'DUP1',0x81:'DUP2',0x82:'DUP3',0x83:'DUP4',0x84:'DUP5',0x85:'DUP6',0x86:'DUP7',0x87:'DUP8',0x88:'DUP9',0x89:'DUP10',0x8a:'DUP11',0x8b:'DUP12',0x8c:'DUP13',0x8d:'DUP14',0x8e:'DUP15',0x8f:'DUP16',
0x90:'SWAP1',0x91:'SWAP2',0x92:'SWAP3',0x93:'SWAP4',0x94:'SWAP5',0x95:'SWAP6',0x96:'SWAP7',0x97:'SWAP8',0x98:'SWAP9',0x99:'SWAP10',0x9a:'SWAP11',0x9b:'SWAP12',0x9c:'SWAP13',0x9d:'SWAP14',0x9e:'SWAP15',0x9f:'SWAP16',
0xa0:'LOG0',0xa1:'LOG1',0xa2:'LOG2',0xa3:'LOG3',0xa4:'LOG4',
0xf0:'CREATE',0xf1:'CALL',0xf2:'CALLCODE',0xf3:'RETURN',0xf4:'DELEGATECALL',0xf5:'CREATE2',0xfa:'STATICCALL',0xfd:'REVERT',0xfe:'INVALID',0xff:'SELFDESTRUCT'
}
# disassemble to map pc->(op,imm,next_pc)
instrs={}
pc=0
while pc<len(code):
op=code[pc]
name=opcodes.get(op,f'OP_{op:02x}')
imm=None
pc_next=pc+1
if 0x60<=op<=0x7f:
n=op-0x5f
imm=code[pc_next:pc_next+n]
pc_next+=n
instrs[pc]=(name,imm,pc_next)
pc=pc_next
counter=0
def sym(label):
global counter
counter+=1
return f\"{label}{counter}\"
# start stack at 0x034a from previous simulation
stack=[0x0150,'arg0','arg1','arg2'] # bottom -> top
pc=0x034a
steps=0
while steps<2000:
steps+=1
name,imm,next_pc=instrs[pc]
# print(f\"{pc:04x} {name}\")
if name.startswith('PUSH'):
stack.append(int.from_bytes(imm,'big'))
elif name.startswith('DUP'):
n=int(name[3:])
stack.append(stack[-n])
elif name.startswith('SWAP'):
n=int(name[4:])
stack[-1], stack[-1-n] = stack[-1-n], stack[-1]
elif name=='POP':
stack.pop()
elif name=='CALLDATALOAD':
stack.pop(); stack.append(sym('calldata'))
elif name=='CALLDATASIZE':
stack.append(sym('calldatasize'))
elif name=='CALLVALUE':
stack.append(sym('callvalue'))
elif name in ('SLOAD','MLOAD','EXTCODESIZE','RETURNDATASIZE','ADDRESS','CALLER'):
if name in ('SLOAD','MLOAD','EXTCODESIZE'):
if stack: stack.pop()
stack.append(sym(name.lower()))
elif name in ('ADD','SUB','MUL','DIV','AND','OR','EQ','GT','LT','EXP'):
b=stack.pop(); a=stack.pop(); stack.append(sym(name.lower()))
elif name=='ISZERO':
a=stack.pop(); stack.append(sym('iszero'))
elif name=='JUMPI':
dest=stack.pop(); cond=stack.pop()
if isinstance(dest,int):
pc=dest
continue
elif name=='JUMP':
dest=stack.pop()
if isinstance(dest,int):
pc=dest
# stop if jump back to return address? but continue
continue
elif name in ('STATICCALL','CALL'):
# For CALL/STATICCALL, print stack snapshot
print('At',hex(pc),name,'stack (bottom->top):',stack)
# emulate pop for CALL: gas,to,value,in_offset,in_size,out_offset,out_size (7)
if name=='STATICCALL':
# gas,to,in_offset,in_size,out_offset,out_size
for _ in range(6):
if stack: stack.pop()
stack.append(sym('staticcall_ret'))
else:
for _ in range(7):
if stack: stack.pop()
stack.append(sym('call_ret'))
# advance
pc=next_pc
if pc==0x0150:
break
print('final pc',hex(pc))
print('final stack top',stack[-6:])
PY" in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv exited 1 in 45ms:
At 0x427 STATICCALL stack (bottom->top): [336, 'arg0', 'arg1', 'arg2', 0, 0, 1147, 'arg2', 1133, 'arg1', 'and15', 1889567281, 'address16', 'mload17', 'mul19', 'add20', 'add23', 32, 'mload24', 'sub25', 'mload24', 'mul19']
At 0x593 CALL stack (bottom->top): [336, 'arg0', 'arg1', 'arg2', 0, 0, 1147, 'arg2', 1133, 'arg1', 'and15', 1889567281, 'mload37', 'and41', 57810043145978950376228313794938171962422655018555593468903716172405399886693, 'mload37', 'mload42', 'sub45', 'mload44', 'and50', 2835717307, 57810043145978950376228313794938171962422655018555593468903716172405399886693, 'mload44', 'mload51', 'mul53', 'add54', 'add54', 'add58', 32, 'mload59', 'sub60', 'mload59', 0, 'add54']
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 51, in <module>
KeyError: 1966
thinking
**Analyzing stack top for CALL arguments**
I identified that the CALL opcode uses the top 7 stack items as arguments in the order: gas, to, value, in_offset, in_size, out_offset, out_size (with the top of stack last). I'm extracting these last 7 items to correctly map CALL inputs from the stack snapshot.
thinking
**Confirming argument order at CALL**
I verified the CALL opcode pops its 7 arguments from the stack with out_size on top, confirming that the last stack item corresponds to out_size and the preceding six match the expected order. I'll rerun the simulation to capture and print these last 7 stack items programmatically for accuracy.
exec
/bin/bash -lc "python - <<'PY'
import json
with open('BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json') as f:
data=json.load(f)
code=bytes.fromhex(data['artifact']['runtime_bytecode']['full'][2:])
# opcode map omitted for brevity; same as before
opcodes={
0x00:'STOP',0x01:'ADD',0x02:'MUL',0x03:'SUB',0x04:'DIV',0x05:'SDIV',0x06:'MOD',0x07:'SMOD',0x08:'ADDMOD',0x09:'MULMOD',0x0a:'EXP',0x0b:'SIGNEXTEND',
0x10:'LT',0x11:'GT',0x12:'SLT',0x13:'SGT',0x14:'EQ',0x15:'ISZERO',0x16:'AND',0x17:'OR',0x18:'XOR',0x19:'NOT',0x1a:'BYTE',0x1b:'SHL',0x1c:'SHR',0x1d:'SAR',
0x20:'SHA3',
0x30:'ADDRESS',0x31:'BALANCE',0x32:'ORIGIN',0x33:'CALLER',0x34:'CALLVALUE',0x35:'CALLDATALOAD',0x36:'CALLDATASIZE',0x37:'CALLDATACOPY',0x38:'CODESIZE',0x39:'CODECOPY',0x3a:'GASPRICE',0x3b:'EXTCODESIZE',0x3c:'EXTCODECOPY',0x3d:'RETURNDATASIZE',0x3e:'RETURNDATACOPY',0x3f:'EXTCODEHASH',
0x40:'BLOCKHASH',0x41:'COINBASE',0x42:'TIMESTAMP',0x43:'NUMBER',0x44:'DIFFICULTY',0x45:'GASLIMIT',0x46:'CHAINID',0x47:'SELFBALANCE',0x48:'BASEFEE',
0x50:'POP',0x51:'MLOAD',0x52:'MSTORE',0x53:'MSTORE8',0x54:'SLOAD',0x55:'SSTORE',0x56:'JUMP',0x57:'JUMPI',0x58:'PC',0x59:'MSIZE',0x5a:'GAS',0x5b:'JUMPDEST',
0x60:'PUSH1',0x61:'PUSH2',0x62:'PUSH3',0x63:'PUSH4',0x64:'PUSH5',0x65:'PUSH6',0x66:'PUSH7',0x67:'PUSH8',0x68:'PUSH9',0x69:'PUSH10',0x6a:'PUSH11',0x6b:'PUSH12',0x6c:'PUSH13',0x6d:'PUSH14',0x6e:'PUSH15',0x6f:'PUSH16',
0x70:'PUSH17',0x71:'PUSH18',0x72:'PUSH19',0x73:'PUSH20',0x74:'PUSH21',0x75:'PUSH22',0x76:'PUSH23',0x77:'PUSH24',0x78:'PUSH25',0x79:'PUSH26',0x7a:'PUSH27',0x7b:'PUSH28',0x7c:'PUSH29',0x7d:'PUSH30',0x7e:'PUSH31',0x7f:'PUSH32',
0x80:'DUP1',0x81:'DUP2',0x82:'DUP3',0x83:'DUP4',0x84:'DUP5',0x85:'DUP6',0x86:'DUP7',0x87:'DUP8',0x88:'DUP9',0x89:'DUP10',0x8a:'DUP11',0x8b:'DUP12',0x8c:'DUP13',0x8d:'DUP14',0x8e:'DUP15',0x8f:'DUP16',
0x90:'SWAP1',0x91:'SWAP2',0x92:'SWAP3',0x93:'SWAP4',0x94:'SWAP5',0x95:'SWAP6',0x96:'SWAP7',0x97:'SWAP8',0x98:'SWAP9',0x99:'SWAP10',0x9a:'SWAP11',0x9b:'SWAP12',0x9c:'SWAP13',0x9d:'SWAP14',0x9e:'SWAP15',0x9f:'SWAP16',
0xa0:'LOG0',0xa1:'LOG1',0xa2:'LOG2',0xa3:'LOG3',0xa4:'LOG4',
0xf0:'CREATE',0xf1:'CALL',0xf2:'CALLCODE',0xf3:'RETURN',0xf4:'DELEGATECALL',0xf5:'CREATE2',0xfa:'STATICCALL',0xfd:'REVERT',0xfe:'INVALID',0xff:'SELFDESTRUCT'
}
instrs={}
pc=0
while pc<len(code):
op=code[pc]
name=opcodes.get(op,f'OP_{op:02x}')
imm=None
pc_next=pc+1
if 0x60<=op<=0x7f:
n=op-0x5f
imm=code[pc_next:pc_next+n]
pc_next+=n
instrs[pc]=(name,imm,pc_next)
pc=pc_next
counter=0
def sym(label):
global counter
counter+=1
return f\"{label}{counter}\"
stack=[0x0150,'arg0','arg1','arg2']
pc=0x034a
steps=0
while steps<2000:
steps+=1
name,imm,next_pc=instrs[pc]
if name.startswith('PUSH'):
stack.append(int.from_bytes(imm,'big'))
elif name.startswith('DUP'):
n=int(name[3:])
stack.append(stack[-n])
elif name.startswith('SWAP'):
n=int(name[4:])
stack[-1], stack[-1-n] = stack[-1-n], stack[-1]
elif name=='POP':
stack.pop()
elif name=='CALLDATALOAD':
stack.pop(); stack.append(sym('calldata'))
elif name=='CALLDATASIZE':
stack.append(sym('calldatasize'))
elif name=='CALLVALUE':
stack.append(sym('callvalue'))
elif name in ('SLOAD','MLOAD','EXTCODESIZE','RETURNDATASIZE','ADDRESS','CALLER'):
if name in ('SLOAD','MLOAD','EXTCODESIZE'):
if stack: stack.pop()
stack.append(sym(name.lower()))
elif name in ('ADD','SUB','MUL','DIV','AND','OR','EQ','GT','LT','EXP'):
b=stack.pop(); a=stack.pop(); stack.append(sym(name.lower()))
elif name=='ISZERO':
a=stack.pop(); stack.append(sym('iszero'))
elif name=='JUMPI':
dest=stack.pop(); cond=stack.pop()
if isinstance(dest,int):
pc=dest
continue
elif name=='JUMP':
dest=stack.pop()
if isinstance(dest,int):
pc=dest
continue
elif name in ('STATICCALL','CALL'):
if name=='CALL':
last7=stack[-7:]
print('CALL args (gas,to,value,in_off,in_size,out_off,out_size):',last7)
else:
last6=stack[-6:]
print('STATICCALL args (gas,to,in_off,in_size,out_off,out_size):',last6)
# pop and push result
if name=='STATICCALL':
for _ in range(6): stack.pop()
stack.append(sym('staticcall_ret'))
else:
for _ in range(7): stack.pop()
stack.append(sym('call_ret'))
pc=next_pc
if pc==0x0150:
break
PY" in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv exited 1 in 33ms:
STATICCALL args (gas,to,in_off,in_size,out_off,out_size): ['add23', 32, 'mload24', 'sub25', 'mload24', 'mul19']
CALL args (gas,to,value,in_off,in_size,out_off,out_size): ['add58', 32, 'mload59', 'sub60', 'mload59', 0, 'add54']
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 50, in <module>
KeyError: 1966
thinking
**Identifying stack tracking issues due to missing pops**
The simulation’s stack is inaccurate because memory operations like MSTORE aren’t popping their expected arguments, causing wrong CALL parameters like to=32; updating the simulation to pop properly on MSTORE, MSTORE8, CALLDATACOPY, and similar will restore correct stack state.
thinking
**Updating simulation to fix call arguments**
exec
/bin/bash -lc "python - <<'PY'
import json
with open('BYTECODE_BUNDLE.json') as f:
data=json.load(f)
code=bytes.fromhex(data['artifact']['runtime_bytecode']['full'][2:])
# opcode map
opcodes={
0x00:'STOP',0x01:'ADD',0x02:'MUL',0x03:'SUB',0x04:'DIV',0x05:'SDIV',0x06:'MOD',0x07:'SMOD',0x08:'ADDMOD',0x09:'MULMOD',0x0a:'EXP',0x0b:'SIGNEXTEND',
0x10:'LT',0x11:'GT',0x12:'SLT',0x13:'SGT',0x14:'EQ',0x15:'ISZERO',0x16:'AND',0x17:'OR',0x18:'XOR',0x19:'NOT',0x1a:'BYTE',0x1b:'SHL',0x1c:'SHR',0x1d:'SAR',
0x20:'SHA3',
0x30:'ADDRESS',0x31:'BALANCE',0x32:'ORIGIN',0x33:'CALLER',0x34:'CALLVALUE',0x35:'CALLDATALOAD',0x36:'CALLDATASIZE',0x37:'CALLDATACOPY',0x38:'CODESIZE',0x39:'CODECOPY',0x3a:'GASPRICE',0x3b:'EXTCODESIZE',0x3c:'EXTCODECOPY',0x3d:'RETURNDATASIZE',0x3e:'RETURNDATACOPY',0x3f:'EXTCODEHASH',
0x40:'BLOCKHASH',0x41:'COINBASE',0x42:'TIMESTAMP',0x43:'NUMBER',0x44:'DIFFICULTY',0x45:'GASLIMIT',0x46:'CHAINID',0x47:'SELFBALANCE',0x48:'BASEFEE',
0x50:'POP',0x51:'MLOAD',0x52:'MSTORE',0x53:'MSTORE8',0x54:'SLOAD',0x55:'SSTORE',0x56:'JUMP',0x57:'JUMPI',0x58:'PC',0x59:'MSIZE',0x5a:'GAS',0x5b:'JUMPDEST',
0x60:'PUSH1',0x61:'PUSH2',0x62:'PUSH3',0x63:'PUSH4',0x64:'PUSH5',0x65:'PUSH6',0x66:'PUSH7',0x67:'PUSH8',0x68:'PUSH9',0x69:'PUSH10',0x6a:'PUSH11',0x6b:'PUSH12',0x6c:'PUSH13',0x6d:'PUSH14',0x6e:'PUSH15',0x6f:'PUSH16',
0x70:'PUSH17',0x71:'PUSH18',0x72:'PUSH19',0x73:'PUSH20',0x74:'PUSH21',0x75:'PUSH22',0x76:'PUSH23',0x77:'PUSH24',0x78:'PUSH25',0x79:'PUSH26',0x7a:'PUSH27',0x7b:'PUSH28',0x7c:'PUSH29',0x7d:'PUSH30',0x7e:'PUSH31',0x7f:'PUSH32',
0x80:'DUP1',0x81:'DUP2',0x82:'DUP3',0x83:'DUP4',0x84:'DUP5',0x85:'DUP6',0x86:'DUP7',0x87:'DUP8',0x88:'DUP9',0x89:'DUP10',0x8a:'DUP11',0x8b:'DUP12',0x8c:'DUP13',0x8d:'DUP14',0x8e:'DUP15',0x8f:'DUP16',
0x90:'SWAP1',0x91:'SWAP2',0x92:'SWAP3',0x93:'SWAP4',0x94:'SWAP5',0x95:'SWAP6',0x96:'SWAP7',0x97:'SWAP8',0x98:'SWAP9',0x99:'SWAP10',0x9a:'SWAP11',0x9b:'SWAP12',0x9c:'SWAP13',0x9d:'SWAP14',0x9e:'SWAP15',0x9f:'SWAP16',
0xa0:'LOG0',0xa1:'LOG1',0xa2:'LOG2',0xa3:'LOG3',0xa4:'LOG4',
0xf0:'CREATE',0xf1:'CALL',0xf2:'CALLCODE',0xf3:'RETURN',0xf4:'DELEGATECALL',0xf5:'CREATE2',0xfa:'STATICCALL',0xfd:'REVERT',0xfe:'INVALID',0xff:'SELFDESTRUCT'
}
instrs={}
pc=0
while pc<len(code):
op=code[pc]
name=opcodes.get(op,f'OP_{op:02x}')
imm=None
pc_next=pc+1
if 0x60<=op<=0x7f:
n=op-0x5f
imm=code[pc_next:pc_next+n]
pc_next+=n
instrs[pc]=(name,imm,pc_next)
pc=pc_next
counter=0
def sym(label):
global counter
counter+=1
return f\"{label}{counter}\"
stack=[0x0150,'arg0','arg1','arg2']
pc=0x034a
steps=0
while steps<5000:
steps+=1
name,imm,next_pc=instrs[pc]
if name.startswith('PUSH'):
stack.append(int.from_bytes(imm,'big'))
elif name.startswith('DUP'):
n=int(name[3:])
stack.append(stack[-n])
elif name.startswith('SWAP'):
n=int(name[4:])
stack[-1], stack[-1-n] = stack[-1-n], stack[-1]
elif name=='POP':
stack.pop()
elif name=='CALLDATALOAD':
stack.pop(); stack.append(sym('calldata'))
elif name=='CALLDATASIZE':
stack.append(sym('calldatasize'))
elif name=='CALLVALUE':
stack.append(sym('callvalue'))
elif name in ('SLOAD','MLOAD','EXTCODESIZE','RETURNDATASIZE','ADDRESS','CALLER','MSIZE'):
if name in ('SLOAD','MLOAD','EXTCODESIZE','MSIZE'):
if stack: stack.pop()
stack.append(sym(name.lower()))
elif name in ('MSTORE','MSTORE8'):
# pop offset and value
if stack: stack.pop();
if stack: stack.pop();
elif name in ('CALLDATACOPY','CODECOPY','RETURNDATACOPY'):
# pop destOffset, offset, size
for _ in range(3):
if stack: stack.pop()
elif name in ('ADD','SUB','MUL','DIV','AND','OR','EQ','GT','LT','EXP'):
b=stack.pop(); a=stack.pop(); stack.append(sym(name.lower()))
elif name=='ISZERO':
a=stack.pop(); stack.append(sym('iszero'))
elif name=='JUMPI':
dest=stack.pop(); cond=stack.pop()
if isinstance(dest,int):
pc=dest
continue
elif name=='JUMP':
dest=stack.pop()
if isinstance(dest,int):
pc=dest
continue
elif name in ('STATICCALL','CALL'):
if name=='CALL':
last7=stack[-7:]
print('CALL args (gas,to,value,in_off,in_size,out_off,out_size):',last7)
else:
last6=stack[-6:]
print('STATICCALL args (gas,to,in_off,in_size,out_off,out_size):',last6)
# pop and push result
if name=='STATICCALL':
for _ in range(6):
if stack: stack.pop()
stack.append(sym('staticcall_ret'))
else:
for _ in range(7):
if stack: stack.pop()
stack.append(sym('call_ret'))
pc=next_pc
if pc==0x0150:
break
PY" in /tmp/codex-w0fmu5vv exited 1 in 36ms:
STATICCALL args (gas,to,in_off,in_size,out_off,out_size): ['add23', 32, 'mload24', 'sub25', 'mload24', 'and15']
CALL args (gas,to,value,in_off,in_size,out_off,out_size): ['add58', 32, 'mload59', 'sub60', 'mload59', 0, 'and50']
CALL args (gas,to,value,in_off,in_size,out_off,out_size): ['add91', 32, 'mload92', 'sub93', 'mload92', 0, 'and83']
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 50, in <module>
KeyError: 1966
thinking
**Analyzing call argument modeling issues**
The call argument simulation is too simplified, leading to incorrect stack state and lingering values like to=32; actual disassembly shows a PUSH1 0x00 before DUP8, confirming value=0 (no ETH transfer). This highlights missing return value checks and the detector falsely flagging possible ETH transfer, plus issues with strict return data size requirements for ERC20 calls that may cause reverts on non-standard tokens.
thinking
**Identifying low-severity ERC20 return value check issue**
The owner-only token transfer function calls ERC20 `transfer` with the token address from calldata and checks call success but does not validate the returned bool, potentially allowing silent failures; it also requires return data size ≥32, causing reverts on tokens returning no data, which is a compatibility risk. This highlights a low-severity finding due to untrusted external calls without strict return validation despite onlyOwner protection.
thinking
```json
{
"no_findings": false,
"summary": "One low-severity issue: ERC20 transfer return value not enforced in owner-only token transfer path (based on bytecode; selector inference). No proxy or delegatecall detected.",
"findings": [
{
"severity": "low",
"category": "other",
"title": "ERC20 transfer return value not enforced in owner-only token transfer",
"exploit_scenario": "An owner (or authorized caller) invokes the token-transfer function (selector 0xb5c5f672) against a token that returns false instead of reverting. The low-level CALL succeeds and the transaction completes without reverting; the function does not require the returned bool to be true, so off-chain systems or callers that ignore the return value may assume the transfer succeeded while tokens remain in the contract. Bytecode-only inference; behavior depends on caller checking the returned bool.",
"recommendation": "After the CALL, require that return data is either empty or decodes to true (SafeERC20-style), reverting otherwise. Alternatively, explicitly document that callers must check the returned bool.",
"evidence": "Runtime bytecode builds calldata with selector 0xa9059cbb and executes CALL at pc:0x0593 (1427). After success check, it only verifies returndatasize >= 32 and loads the word; there is no EQ/ISZERO check against the loaded value before jumping to the return routine. Selector 0xb5c5f672 inferred from dispatcher; assumed token-transfer function; bytecode-only analysis may have uncertainty.",
"locations": ["pc:0x0593", "selector:0xb5c5f672"]
}
]
}
```
codex
{"no_findings":false,"summary":"One low-severity issue found from runtime bytecode (selector inference best-effort): the owner-only external token transfer path does not enforce the ERC20 boolean return value. No proxy/delegatecall behavior detected in the artifact.","findings":[{"severity":"low","category":"other","title":"ERC20 transfer return value not enforced in owner-only token transfer","exploit_scenario":"A privileged caller invokes the function at selector 0xb5c5f672 against a token that returns false instead of reverting. The low-level CALL succeeds and the transaction does not revert, but the transfer may not happen; if the caller or off-chain systems ignore the returned bool, they may assume funds moved when they did not. This is inferred from bytecode only; exact behavior depends on how the caller handles the return value.","recommendation":"After the CALL, require that return data is either empty or decodes to true (SafeERC20-style), reverting otherwise. If the intent is to allow false returns, explicitly document that callers must check the return value.","evidence":"Dispatcher selects 0xb5c5f672; the body builds calldata for selector 0xa9059cbb and executes CALL at pc:0x0593. Post-call logic checks success and returndatasize >= 32, loads the word, then jumps without comparing it to true (no EQ/ISZERO check).","locations":["pc:0x0593","selector:0xb5c5f672"]}]}
tokens used
143,521
{
"codex": {
"ran_at": "2026-01-22T06:00:52.265211+00:00",
"returncode": 0
},
"project": {
"mode": "bytecode",
"bytecode_length": 3922,
"bytecode_truncated": false,
"capability_graph_present": true,
"analysis_artifact_present": true
},
"summary": "One low-severity issue found from runtime bytecode (selector inference best-effort): the owner-only external token transfer path does not enforce the ERC20 boolean return value. No proxy/delegatecall behavior detected in the artifact.",
"raw_final": {
"summary": "One low-severity issue found from runtime bytecode (selector inference best-effort): the owner-only external token transfer path does not enforce the ERC20 boolean return value. No proxy/delegatecall behavior detected in the artifact.",
"findings": [
{
"title": "ERC20 transfer return value not enforced in owner-only token transfer",
"category": "other",
"evidence": "Dispatcher selects 0xb5c5f672; the body builds calldata for selector 0xa9059cbb and executes CALL at pc:0x0593. Post-call logic checks success and returndatasize >= 32, loads the word, then jumps without comparing it to true (no EQ/ISZERO check).",
"severity": "low",
"locations": [
"pc:0x0593",
"selector:0xb5c5f672"
],
"recommendation": "After the CALL, require that return data is either empty or decodes to true (SafeERC20-style), reverting otherwise. If the intent is to allow false returns, explicitly document that callers must check the return value.",
"exploit_scenario": "A privileged caller invokes the function at selector 0xb5c5f672 against a token that returns false instead of reverting. The low-level CALL succeeds and the transaction does not revert, but the transfer may not happen; if the caller or off-chain systems ignore the returned bool, they may assume funds moved when they did not. This is inferred from bytecode only; exact behavior depends on how the caller handles the return value."
}
],
"no_findings": false
},
"no_findings": false,
"schema_version": 1
}
00000000: PUSH1 0x80 00000002: PUSH1 0x40 00000004: MSTORE 00000005: CALLVALUE 00000006: DUP1 00000007: ISZERO 00000008: PUSH2 0x0010 0000000b: JUMPI 0000000c: PUSH1 0x00 0000000e: DUP1 0000000f: REVERT 00000010: JUMPDEST 00000011: POP 00000012: PUSH1 0x04 00000014: CALLDATASIZE 00000015: LT 00000016: PUSH2 0x007f 00000019: JUMPI 0000001a: PUSH1 0x00 0000001c: CALLDATALOAD 0000001d: PUSH29 0x0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000003b: SWAP1 0000003c: DIV 0000003d: DUP1 0000003e: PUSH4 0x715018a6 00000043: EQ 00000044: PUSH2 0x0084 00000047: JUMPI 00000048: DUP1 00000049: PUSH4 0x8da5cb5b 0000004e: EQ 0000004f: PUSH2 0x008e 00000052: JUMPI 00000053: DUP1 00000054: PUSH4 0x8f32d59b 00000059: EQ 0000005a: PUSH2 0x00d8 0000005d: JUMPI 0000005e: DUP1 0000005f: PUSH4 0xb5c5f672 00000064: EQ 00000065: PUSH2 0x00fa 00000068: JUMPI 00000069: DUP1 0000006a: PUSH4 0xbab46259 0000006f: EQ 00000070: PUSH2 0x016a 00000073: JUMPI 00000074: DUP1 00000075: PUSH4 0xf2fde38b 0000007a: EQ 0000007b: PUSH2 0x01b4 0000007e: JUMPI 0000007f: JUMPDEST 00000080: PUSH1 0x00 00000082: DUP1 00000083: REVERT 00000084: JUMPDEST 00000085: PUSH2 0x008c 00000088: PUSH2 0x01f8 0000008b: JUMP 0000008c: JUMPDEST 0000008d: STOP 0000008e: JUMPDEST 0000008f: PUSH2 0x0096 00000092: PUSH2 0x02ca 00000095: JUMP 00000096: JUMPDEST 00000097: PUSH1 0x40 00000099: MLOAD 0000009a: DUP1 0000009b: DUP3 0000009c: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 000000b1: AND 000000b2: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 000000c7: AND 000000c8: DUP2 000000c9: MSTORE 000000ca: PUSH1 0x20 000000cc: ADD 000000cd: SWAP2 000000ce: POP 000000cf: POP 000000d0: PUSH1 0x40 000000d2: MLOAD 000000d3: DUP1 000000d4: SWAP2 000000d5: SUB 000000d6: SWAP1 000000d7: RETURN 000000d8: JUMPDEST 000000d9: PUSH2 0x00e0 000000dc: PUSH2 0x02f3 000000df: JUMP 000000e0: JUMPDEST 000000e1: PUSH1 0x40 000000e3: MLOAD 000000e4: DUP1 000000e5: DUP3 000000e6: ISZERO 000000e7: ISZERO 000000e8: ISZERO 000000e9: ISZERO 000000ea: DUP2 000000eb: MSTORE 000000ec: PUSH1 0x20 000000ee: ADD 000000ef: SWAP2 000000f0: POP 000000f1: POP 000000f2: PUSH1 0x40 000000f4: MLOAD 000000f5: DUP1 000000f6: SWAP2 000000f7: SUB 000000f8: SWAP1 000000f9: RETURN 000000fa: JUMPDEST 000000fb: PUSH2 0x0150 000000fe: PUSH1 0x04 00000100: DUP1 00000101: CALLDATASIZE 00000102: SUB 00000103: PUSH1 0x60 00000105: DUP2 00000106: LT 00000107: ISZERO 00000108: PUSH2 0x0110 0000010b: JUMPI 0000010c: PUSH1 0x00 0000010e: DUP1 0000010f: REVERT 00000110: JUMPDEST 00000111: DUP2 00000112: ADD 00000113: SWAP1 00000114: DUP1 00000115: DUP1 00000116: CALLDATALOAD 00000117: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 0000012c: AND 0000012d: SWAP1 0000012e: PUSH1 0x20 00000130: ADD 00000131: SWAP1 00000132: SWAP3 00000133: SWAP2 00000134: SWAP1 00000135: DUP1 00000136: CALLDATALOAD 00000137: SWAP1 00000138: PUSH1 0x20 0000013a: ADD 0000013b: SWAP1 0000013c: SWAP3 0000013d: SWAP2 0000013e: SWAP1 0000013f: DUP1 00000140: CALLDATALOAD 00000141: SWAP1 00000142: PUSH1 0x20 00000144: ADD 00000145: SWAP1 00000146: SWAP3 00000147: SWAP2 00000148: SWAP1 00000149: POP 0000014a: POP 0000014b: POP 0000014c: PUSH2 0x034a 0000014f: JUMP 00000150: JUMPDEST 00000151: PUSH1 0x40 00000153: MLOAD 00000154: DUP1 00000155: DUP3 00000156: ISZERO 00000157: ISZERO 00000158: ISZERO 00000159: ISZERO 0000015a: DUP2 0000015b: MSTORE 0000015c: PUSH1 0x20 0000015e: ADD 0000015f: SWAP2 00000160: POP 00000161: POP 00000162: PUSH1 0x40 00000164: MLOAD 00000165: DUP1 00000166: SWAP2 00000167: SUB 00000168: SWAP1 00000169: RETURN 0000016a: JUMPDEST 0000016b: PUSH2 0x0172 0000016e: PUSH2 0x05d5 00000171: JUMP 00000172: JUMPDEST 00000173: PUSH1 0x40 00000175: MLOAD 00000176: DUP1 00000177: DUP3 00000178: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 0000018d: AND 0000018e: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 000001a3: AND 000001a4: DUP2 000001a5: MSTORE 000001a6: PUSH1 0x20 000001a8: ADD 000001a9: SWAP2 000001aa: POP 000001ab: POP 000001ac: PUSH1 0x40 000001ae: MLOAD 000001af: DUP1 000001b0: SWAP2 000001b1: SUB 000001b2: SWAP1 000001b3: RETURN 000001b4: JUMPDEST 000001b5: PUSH2 0x01f6 000001b8: PUSH1 0x04 000001ba: DUP1 000001bb: CALLDATASIZE 000001bc: SUB 000001bd: PUSH1 0x20 000001bf: DUP2 000001c0: LT 000001c1: ISZERO 000001c2: PUSH2 0x01ca 000001c5: JUMPI 000001c6: PUSH1 0x00 000001c8: DUP1 000001c9: REVERT 000001ca: JUMPDEST 000001cb: DUP2 000001cc: ADD 000001cd: SWAP1 000001ce: DUP1 000001cf: DUP1 000001d0: CALLDATALOAD 000001d1: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 000001e6: AND 000001e7: SWAP1 000001e8: PUSH1 0x20 000001ea: ADD 000001eb: SWAP1 000001ec: SWAP3 000001ed: SWAP2 000001ee: SWAP1 000001ef: POP 000001f0: POP 000001f1: POP 000001f2: PUSH2 0x05fb 000001f5: JUMP 000001f6: JUMPDEST 000001f7: STOP 000001f8: JUMPDEST 000001f9: PUSH2 0x0200 000001fc: PUSH2 0x02f3 000001ff: JUMP 00000200: JUMPDEST 00000201: ISZERO 00000202: ISZERO 00000203: PUSH2 0x020b 00000206: JUMPI 00000207: PUSH1 0x00 00000209: DUP1 0000020a: REVERT 0000020b: JUMPDEST 0000020c: PUSH1 0x00 0000020e: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 00000223: AND 00000224: PUSH1 0x00 00000226: DUP1 00000227: SWAP1 00000228: SLOAD 00000229: SWAP1 0000022a: PUSH2 0x0100 0000022d: EXP 0000022e: SWAP1 0000022f: DIV 00000230: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 00000245: AND 00000246: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 0000025b: AND 0000025c: PUSH32 0x8be0079c531659141344cd1fd0a4f28419497f9722a3daafe3b4186f6b6457e0 0000027d: PUSH1 0x40 0000027f: MLOAD 00000280: PUSH1 0x40 00000282: MLOAD 00000283: DUP1 00000284: SWAP2 00000285: SUB 00000286: SWAP1 00000287: LOG3 00000288: PUSH1 0x00 0000028a: DUP1 0000028b: PUSH1 0x00 0000028d: PUSH2 0x0100 00000290: EXP 00000291: DUP2 00000292: SLOAD 00000293: DUP2 00000294: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 000002a9: MUL 000002aa: NOT 000002ab: AND 000002ac: SWAP1 000002ad: DUP4 000002ae: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 000002c3: AND 000002c4: MUL 000002c5: OR 000002c6: SWAP1 000002c7: SSTORE 000002c8: POP 000002c9: JUMP 000002ca: JUMPDEST 000002cb: PUSH1 0x00 000002cd: DUP1 000002ce: PUSH1 0x00 000002d0: SWAP1 000002d1: SLOAD 000002d2: SWAP1 000002d3: PUSH2 0x0100 000002d6: EXP 000002d7: SWAP1 000002d8: DIV 000002d9: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 000002ee: AND 000002ef: SWAP1 000002f0: POP 000002f1: SWAP1 000002f2: JUMP 000002f3: JUMPDEST 000002f4: PUSH1 0x00 000002f6: DUP1 000002f7: PUSH1 0x00 000002f9: SWAP1 000002fa: SLOAD 000002fb: SWAP1 000002fc: PUSH2 0x0100 000002ff: EXP 00000300: SWAP1 00000301: DIV 00000302: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 00000317: AND 00000318: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 0000032d: AND 0000032e: CALLER 0000032f: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 00000344: AND 00000345: EQ 00000346: SWAP1 00000347: POP 00000348: SWAP1 00000349: JUMP 0000034a: JUMPDEST 0000034b: PUSH1 0x00 0000034d: PUSH2 0x0354 00000350: PUSH2 0x02f3 00000353: JUMP 00000354: JUMPDEST 00000355: ISZERO 00000356: ISZERO 00000357: PUSH2 0x035f 0000035a: JUMPI 0000035b: PUSH1 0x00 0000035d: DUP1 0000035e: REVERT 0000035f: JUMPDEST 00000360: PUSH1 0x00 00000362: PUSH2 0x047b 00000365: DUP4 00000366: PUSH2 0x046d 00000369: DUP7 0000036a: PUSH1 0x01 0000036c: PUSH1 0x00 0000036e: SWAP1 0000036f: SLOAD 00000370: SWAP1 00000371: PUSH2 0x0100 00000374: EXP 00000375: SWAP1 00000376: DIV 00000377: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 0000038c: AND 0000038d: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 000003a2: AND 000003a3: PUSH4 0x70a08231 000003a8: ADDRESS 000003a9: PUSH1 0x40 000003ab: MLOAD 000003ac: DUP3 000003ad: PUSH4 0xffffffff 000003b2: AND 000003b3: PUSH29 0x0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000003d1: MUL 000003d2: DUP2 000003d3: MSTORE 000003d4: PUSH1 0x04 000003d6: ADD 000003d7: DUP1 000003d8: DUP3 000003d9: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 000003ee: AND 000003ef: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 00000404: AND 00000405: DUP2 00000406: MSTORE 00000407: PUSH1 0x20 00000409: ADD 0000040a: SWAP2 0000040b: POP 0000040c: POP 0000040d: PUSH1 0x20 0000040f: PUSH1 0x40 00000411: MLOAD 00000412: DUP1 00000413: DUP4 00000414: SUB 00000415: DUP2 00000416: DUP7 00000417: DUP1 00000418: EXTCODESIZE 00000419: ISZERO 0000041a: DUP1 0000041b: ISZERO 0000041c: PUSH2 0x0424 0000041f: JUMPI 00000420: PUSH1 0x00 00000422: DUP1 00000423: REVERT 00000424: JUMPDEST 00000425: POP 00000426: GAS 00000427: STATICCALL 00000428: ISZERO 00000429: DUP1 0000042a: ISZERO 0000042b: PUSH2 0x0438 0000042e: JUMPI 0000042f: RETURNDATASIZE 00000430: PUSH1 0x00 00000432: DUP1 00000433: RETURNDATACOPY 00000434: RETURNDATASIZE 00000435: PUSH1 0x00 00000437: REVERT 00000438: JUMPDEST 00000439: POP 0000043a: POP 0000043b: POP 0000043c: POP 0000043d: PUSH1 0x40 0000043f: MLOAD 00000440: RETURNDATASIZE 00000441: PUSH1 0x20 00000443: DUP2 00000444: LT 00000445: ISZERO 00000446: PUSH2 0x044e 00000449: JUMPI 0000044a: PUSH1 0x00 0000044c: DUP1 0000044d: REVERT 0000044e: JUMPDEST 0000044f: DUP2 00000450: ADD 00000451: SWAP1 00000452: DUP1 00000453: DUP1 00000454: MLOAD 00000455: SWAP1 00000456: PUSH1 0x20 00000458: ADD 00000459: SWAP1 0000045a: SWAP3 0000045b: SWAP2 0000045c: SWAP1 0000045d: POP 0000045e: POP 0000045f: POP 00000460: PUSH2 0x061a 00000463: SWAP1 00000464: SWAP2 00000465: SWAP1 00000466: PUSH4 0xffffffff 0000046b: AND 0000046c: JUMP 0000046d: JUMPDEST 0000046e: PUSH2 0x0658 00000471: SWAP1 00000472: SWAP2 00000473: SWAP1 00000474: PUSH4 0xffffffff 00000479: AND 0000047a: JUMP 0000047b: JUMPDEST 0000047c: SWAP1 0000047d: POP 0000047e: DUP5 0000047f: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 00000494: AND 00000495: PUSH32 0x7fcf532c15f0a6db0bd6d0e038bea71d30d808c7d98cb3bf7268a95bf5081b65 000004b6: DUP3 000004b7: PUSH1 0x40 000004b9: MLOAD 000004ba: DUP1 000004bb: DUP3 000004bc: DUP2 000004bd: MSTORE 000004be: PUSH1 0x20 000004c0: ADD 000004c1: SWAP2 000004c2: POP 000004c3: POP 000004c4: PUSH1 0x40 000004c6: MLOAD 000004c7: DUP1 000004c8: SWAP2 000004c9: SUB 000004ca: SWAP1 000004cb: LOG2 000004cc: PUSH1 0x01 000004ce: PUSH1 0x00 000004d0: SWAP1 000004d1: SLOAD 000004d2: SWAP1 000004d3: PUSH2 0x0100 000004d6: EXP 000004d7: SWAP1 000004d8: DIV 000004d9: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 000004ee: AND 000004ef: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 00000504: AND 00000505: PUSH4 0xa9059cbb 0000050a: DUP7 0000050b: DUP4 0000050c: PUSH1 0x40 0000050e: MLOAD 0000050f: DUP4 00000510: PUSH4 0xffffffff 00000515: AND 00000516: PUSH29 0x0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000534: MUL 00000535: DUP2 00000536: MSTORE 00000537: PUSH1 0x04 00000539: ADD 0000053a: DUP1 0000053b: DUP4 0000053c: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 00000551: AND 00000552: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 00000567: AND 00000568: DUP2 00000569: MSTORE 0000056a: PUSH1 0x20 0000056c: ADD 0000056d: DUP3 0000056e: DUP2 0000056f: MSTORE 00000570: PUSH1 0x20 00000572: ADD 00000573: SWAP3 00000574: POP 00000575: POP 00000576: POP 00000577: PUSH1 0x20 00000579: PUSH1 0x40 0000057b: MLOAD 0000057c: DUP1 0000057d: DUP4 0000057e: SUB 0000057f: DUP2 00000580: PUSH1 0x00 00000582: DUP8 00000583: DUP1 00000584: EXTCODESIZE 00000585: ISZERO 00000586: DUP1 00000587: ISZERO 00000588: PUSH2 0x0590 0000058b: JUMPI 0000058c: PUSH1 0x00 0000058e: DUP1 0000058f: REVERT 00000590: JUMPDEST 00000591: POP 00000592: GAS 00000593: CALL 00000594: ISZERO 00000595: DUP1 00000596: ISZERO 00000597: PUSH2 0x05a4 0000059a: JUMPI 0000059b: RETURNDATASIZE 0000059c: PUSH1 0x00 0000059e: DUP1 0000059f: RETURNDATACOPY 000005a0: RETURNDATASIZE 000005a1: PUSH1 0x00 000005a3: REVERT 000005a4: JUMPDEST 000005a5: POP 000005a6: POP 000005a7: POP 000005a8: POP 000005a9: PUSH1 0x40 000005ab: MLOAD 000005ac: RETURNDATASIZE 000005ad: PUSH1 0x20 000005af: DUP2 000005b0: LT 000005b1: ISZERO 000005b2: PUSH2 0x05ba 000005b5: JUMPI 000005b6: PUSH1 0x00 000005b8: DUP1 000005b9: REVERT 000005ba: JUMPDEST 000005bb: DUP2 000005bc: ADD 000005bd: SWAP1 000005be: DUP1 000005bf: DUP1 000005c0: MLOAD 000005c1: SWAP1 000005c2: PUSH1 0x20 000005c4: ADD 000005c5: SWAP1 000005c6: SWAP3 000005c7: SWAP2 000005c8: SWAP1 000005c9: POP 000005ca: POP 000005cb: POP 000005cc: SWAP2 000005cd: POP 000005ce: POP 000005cf: SWAP4 000005d0: SWAP3 000005d1: POP 000005d2: POP 000005d3: POP 000005d4: JUMP 000005d5: JUMPDEST 000005d6: PUSH1 0x01 000005d8: PUSH1 0x00 000005da: SWAP1 000005db: SLOAD 000005dc: SWAP1 000005dd: PUSH2 0x0100 000005e0: EXP 000005e1: SWAP1 000005e2: DIV 000005e3: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 000005f8: AND 000005f9: DUP2 000005fa: JUMP 000005fb: JUMPDEST 000005fc: PUSH2 0x0603 000005ff: PUSH2 0x02f3 00000602: JUMP 00000603: JUMPDEST 00000604: ISZERO 00000605: ISZERO 00000606: PUSH2 0x060e 00000609: JUMPI 0000060a: PUSH1 0x00 0000060c: DUP1 0000060d: REVERT 0000060e: JUMPDEST 0000060f: PUSH2 0x0617 00000612: DUP2 00000613: PUSH2 0x0682 00000616: JUMP 00000617: JUMPDEST 00000618: POP 00000619: JUMP 0000061a: JUMPDEST 0000061b: PUSH1 0x00 0000061d: DUP1 0000061e: DUP4 0000061f: EQ 00000620: ISZERO 00000621: PUSH2 0x062d 00000624: JUMPI 00000625: PUSH1 0x00 00000627: SWAP1 00000628: POP 00000629: PUSH2 0x0652 0000062c: JUMP 0000062d: JUMPDEST 0000062e: PUSH1 0x00 00000630: DUP3 00000631: DUP5 00000632: MUL 00000633: SWAP1 00000634: POP 00000635: DUP3 00000636: DUP5 00000637: DUP3 00000638: DUP2 00000639: ISZERO 0000063a: ISZERO 0000063b: PUSH2 0x0640 0000063e: JUMPI 0000063f: INVALID 00000640: JUMPDEST 00000641: DIV 00000642: EQ 00000643: ISZERO 00000644: ISZERO 00000645: PUSH2 0x064d 00000648: JUMPI 00000649: PUSH1 0x00 0000064b: DUP1 0000064c: REVERT 0000064d: JUMPDEST 0000064e: DUP1 0000064f: SWAP2 00000650: POP 00000651: POP 00000652: JUMPDEST 00000653: SWAP3 00000654: SWAP2 00000655: POP 00000656: POP 00000657: JUMP 00000658: JUMPDEST 00000659: PUSH1 0x00 0000065b: DUP1 0000065c: DUP3 0000065d: GT 0000065e: ISZERO 0000065f: ISZERO 00000660: PUSH2 0x0668 00000663: JUMPI 00000664: PUSH1 0x00 00000666: DUP1 00000667: REVERT 00000668: JUMPDEST 00000669: PUSH1 0x00 0000066b: DUP3 0000066c: DUP5 0000066d: DUP2 0000066e: ISZERO 0000066f: ISZERO 00000670: PUSH2 0x0675 00000673: JUMPI 00000674: INVALID 00000675: JUMPDEST 00000676: DIV 00000677: SWAP1 00000678: POP 00000679: DUP1 0000067a: SWAP2 0000067b: POP 0000067c: POP 0000067d: SWAP3 0000067e: SWAP2 0000067f: POP 00000680: POP 00000681: JUMP 00000682: JUMPDEST 00000683: PUSH1 0x00 00000685: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 0000069a: AND 0000069b: DUP2 0000069c: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 000006b1: AND 000006b2: EQ 000006b3: ISZERO 000006b4: ISZERO 000006b5: ISZERO 000006b6: PUSH2 0x06be 000006b9: JUMPI 000006ba: PUSH1 0x00 000006bc: DUP1 000006bd: REVERT 000006be: JUMPDEST 000006bf: DUP1 000006c0: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 000006d5: AND 000006d6: PUSH1 0x00 000006d8: DUP1 000006d9: SWAP1 000006da: SLOAD 000006db: SWAP1 000006dc: PUSH2 0x0100 000006df: EXP 000006e0: SWAP1 000006e1: DIV 000006e2: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 000006f7: AND 000006f8: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 0000070d: AND 0000070e: PUSH32 0x8be0079c531659141344cd1fd0a4f28419497f9722a3daafe3b4186f6b6457e0 0000072f: PUSH1 0x40 00000731: MLOAD 00000732: PUSH1 0x40 00000734: MLOAD 00000735: DUP1 00000736: SWAP2 00000737: SUB 00000738: SWAP1 00000739: LOG3 0000073a: DUP1 0000073b: PUSH1 0x00 0000073d: DUP1 0000073e: PUSH2 0x0100 00000741: EXP 00000742: DUP2 00000743: SLOAD 00000744: DUP2 00000745: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 0000075a: MUL 0000075b: NOT 0000075c: AND 0000075d: SWAP1 0000075e: DUP4 0000075f: PUSH20 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 00000774: AND 00000775: MUL 00000776: OR 00000777: SWAP1 00000778: SSTORE 00000779: POP 0000077a: POP 0000077b: JUMP 0000077c: INVALID 0000077d: LOG1 0000077e: PUSH6 0x627a7a723058 00000785: KECCAK256 00000786: EXTCODESIZE 00000787: PUSH19 0xeb28fa61513d0b78d9d97c6493bac7c6b3f646 0000079b: UNKNOWN(0xD6) 0000079c: UNKNOWN(0x4B) 0000079d: UNKNOWN(0xF8) 0000079e: UNKNOWN(0x2D) 0000079f: PUSH14
| Severity | Category | Tool | Title | Confidence | Validated | Confirmed | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| medium | other | detector | Untrusted CALL target/value reachable | 45 | no | no |
viewtrace_id: 0xf331d4896f20ab3b3dc2ea5ee4d6f95e0f924a3d04c88e87f791fc6540dfcdd8
call_targets:
0x8bd458e3950f8a9cbe67ea55cbc209ead43b46f4
target_varies:
no
classification:
constant_target
validation_json{
"sink": "CALL",
"errors": 0,
"status": "sink_reached",
"attempts": 1,
"trace_id": "0xf331d4896f20ab3b3dc2ea5ee4d6f95e0f924a3d04c88e87f791fc6540dfcdd8",
"confirmed": false,
"trace_mode": "callTracer",
"call_targets": [
"0x8bd458e3950f8a9cbe67ea55cbc209ead43b46f4"
],
"matched_probe": null,
"target_varies": false,
"classification": "constant_target"
}
witness_json{
"notes": "heuristic witness; entrypoints are best-effort selectors with zeroed calldata",
"constraints": [],
"entrypoints": [
{
"calldata": "0x715018a6",
"selector": "0x715018a6",
"calldata_variants": [
"0x715018a6",
"0x715018a60000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
]
},
{
"calldata": "0x8da5cb5b",
"selector": "0x8da5cb5b",
"calldata_variants": [
"0x8da5cb5b",
"0x8da5cb5b0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
]
},
{
"calldata": "0x8f32d59b",
"selector": "0x8f32d59b",
"calldata_variants": [
"0x8f32d59b",
"0x8f32d59b0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
]
},
{
"calldata": "0xb5c5f672",
"selector": "0xb5c5f672",
"calldata_variants": [
"0xb5c5f672",
"0xb5c5f6720000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
]
},
{
"calldata": "0xbab46259",
"selector": "0xbab46259",
"calldata_variants": [
"0xbab46259",
"0xbab462590000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
]
},
{
"calldata": "0xf2fde38b",
"selector": "0xf2fde38b",
"calldata_variants": [
"0xf2fde38b",
"0xf2fde38b0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
]
}
]
}
evidence_json{
"examples": [
{
"pc": 1427,
"opcode": "CALL",
"returndata_checked": null,
"value_expression_category": "computed",
"target_expression_category": "computed"
}
],
"call_count": 1,
"guards_detected": [
{
"pc": 814,
"type": "msg_sender_eq_const",
"value": "0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"
}
],
"untrusted_call_count": 1
}
|
| medium | other | detector | ETH value transfer possible | 40 | no | no |
viewtrace_id: 0xf331d4896f20ab3b3dc2ea5ee4d6f95e0f924a3d04c88e87f791fc6540dfcdd8
call_targets:
0x8bd458e3950f8a9cbe67ea55cbc209ead43b46f4
target_varies:
no
classification:
constant_target
validation_json{
"sink": "CALL",
"errors": 0,
"status": "sink_reached",
"attempts": 1,
"trace_id": "0xf331d4896f20ab3b3dc2ea5ee4d6f95e0f924a3d04c88e87f791fc6540dfcdd8",
"confirmed": false,
"trace_mode": "callTracer",
"call_targets": [
"0x8bd458e3950f8a9cbe67ea55cbc209ead43b46f4"
],
"matched_probe": null,
"target_varies": false,
"classification": "constant_target"
}
witness_json{
"notes": "heuristic witness; entrypoints are best-effort selectors with zeroed calldata",
"constraints": [],
"entrypoints": [
{
"calldata": "0x715018a6",
"selector": "0x715018a6",
"calldata_variants": [
"0x715018a6",
"0x715018a60000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
]
},
{
"calldata": "0x8da5cb5b",
"selector": "0x8da5cb5b",
"calldata_variants": [
"0x8da5cb5b",
"0x8da5cb5b0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
]
},
{
"calldata": "0x8f32d59b",
"selector": "0x8f32d59b",
"calldata_variants": [
"0x8f32d59b",
"0x8f32d59b0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
]
},
{
"calldata": "0xb5c5f672",
"selector": "0xb5c5f672",
"calldata_variants": [
"0xb5c5f672",
"0xb5c5f6720000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
]
},
{
"calldata": "0xbab46259",
"selector": "0xbab46259",
"calldata_variants": [
"0xbab46259",
"0xbab462590000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
]
},
{
"calldata": "0xf2fde38b",
"selector": "0xf2fde38b",
"calldata_variants": [
"0xf2fde38b",
"0xf2fde38b0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
]
}
]
}
evidence_json{
"examples": [
{
"pc": 1427,
"opcode": "CALL",
"returndata_checked": null,
"value_expression_category": "computed",
"target_expression_category": "computed"
}
],
"eth_value_calls": 1,
"guards_detected": [
{
"pc": 814,
"type": "msg_sender_eq_const",
"value": "0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"
}
]
}
|
| low | other | codex | ERC20 transfer return value not enforced in owner-only token transfer | 65 | no | — |
viewevidence_json{
"evidence": "Dispatcher selects 0xb5c5f672; the body builds calldata for selector 0xa9059cbb and executes CALL at pc:0x0593. Post-call logic checks success and returndatasize >= 32, loads the word, then jumps without comparing it to true (no EQ/ISZERO check).",
"locations": [
"pc:0x0593",
"selector:0xb5c5f672"
],
"recommendation": "After the CALL, require that return data is either empty or decodes to true (SafeERC20-style), reverting otherwise. If the intent is to allow false returns, explicitly document that callers must check the return value.",
"exploit_scenario": "A privileged caller invokes the function at selector 0xb5c5f672 against a token that returns false instead of reverting. The low-level CALL succeeds and the transaction does not revert, but the transfer may not happen; if the caller or off-chain systems ignore the returned bool, they may assume funds moved when they did not. This is inferred from bytecode only; exact behavior depends on how the caller handles the return value."
}
|